African Climate Change Science (Earth Science focus) | 11 January 2022

A Theoretical Framework for Climate Vulnerability and Gendered Livelihoods in South Sudan: An Intersectional Analysis of Politics and Finance in Selected Regions (2021-2026)

E, l, i, a, L, o, n, a, J, a, m, e, s
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18360651

Abstract

This theoretical article addresses a critical gap in understanding how intersecting political and financial structures mediate climate vulnerability for women in South Sudan’s gendered livelihood systems. It interrogates why, despite escalating climate extremes, existing responses fail to address the disproportionate burdens borne by women, particularly in securing energy for household and productive uses. The article develops a novel analytical framework by synthesising feminist political ecology with critical finance studies. This synthesis provides an intersectional analysis to deconstruct how power relations and financial flows—such as those within entrenched political patronage and conflict economies—produce a maldistribution of climate finance. Consequently, this nexus systematically restricts women’s access to sustainable energy solutions and marginalises them from decision-making, thereby reinforcing pre-existing inequalities. The framework’s rigour is strengthened by engaging with African epistemic perspectives, drawing on scholarly critiques of Eurocentric climate governance to foreground the socio-political production of risk. By moving beyond technocratic solutions, the framework offers a vital analytical tool for researchers and policymakers aiming to design equitable, context-sensitive interventions that target the root causes of gendered vulnerability in South Sudan’s evolving climate landscape.

Introduction

South Sudan faces profound and intersecting crises, where climate change impacts—including intensified flooding, drought, and shifting disease patterns—are exacerbating existing vulnerabilities rooted in conflict, political fragility, and economic instability 6,8,26. Existing literature documents these climate effects in regions such as Jonglei and Eastern Equatoria, often highlighting the disproportionate burdens placed on women in terms of livelihood security, health, and social reproduction 21,22. Concurrently, critical scholarship examines the political economy of resource extraction and finance in the post-independence state, noting how financial flows and development agendas can reinforce inequality 14,17,24. However, a significant gap persists. Analyses frequently treat climate vulnerability, gender dynamics, and financial architectures as separate domains, failing to interrogate how they are co-constituted. Specifically, there is insufficient critical examination of how the maldistribution of climate finance—its mechanisms, priorities, and access points—intersects with gendered social relations to produce differentiated vulnerabilities and capacities for adaptation 15,12.

This article addresses this gap by synthesising feminist political ecology (FPE) and critical finance studies (CFS) to develop an integrated analytical framework ((Alony, 2025)). An FPE lens centres how gender, class, and ethnicity shape resource access and environmental knowledge, while CFS demystifies the technical apparatus of finance to reveal its political and distributive outcomes ((Chuol Nyuon, 2024)). Integrating these approaches allows for a rigorous intersectional analysis of how climate finance is mobilised, allocated, and experienced in South Sudan. Furthermore, this research explicitly centres African epistemic perspectives, drawing on scholarship that prioritises situated knowledges and critiques of neo-colonial governance in environmental and development policy 3,18,19. The original contribution of this article is thus twofold: firstly, it proposes a novel theoretical framework for analysing climate finance; and secondly, it applies this framework to the under-studied South Sudanese context to elucidate the nexus of gender, finance, and ecological change in selected states from 2021 onward.

Theoretical Background

The existing literature on climate vulnerability and adaptation in South Sudan establishes a critical foundation, yet reveals significant gaps that this article’s theoretical framework seeks to address ((Amykeui, 2022)). Research consistently documents the severe climate impacts—including intensified flooding, drought, and associated health crises like malaria—affecting regions such as Jonglei and Eastern Equatoria 26,6. These environmental shocks intersect with and exacerbate existing gendered vulnerabilities, as evidenced by studies on gendered climate vulnerabilities in Bor County and women’s wellbeing in post-conflict settings 20,12. Concurrently, critical analyses of South Sudan’s political economy highlight the maldistribution of financial resources, where oil revenues and corporate activities often fail to translate into equitable development or climate resilience 24,2,17.

However, a disjuncture persists ((Chuol Nyuon, 2024)). While climate studies detail biophysical and social impacts, and political economy critiques analyse macroeconomic structures, few frameworks synthesise these strands to explicitly examine how gendered and intersectional power relations mediate access to and control over climate finance ((Gwokorok, 2022)). This is the central research gap. The proposed theoretical framework integrates Feminist Political Ecology (FPE) and Critical Finance Studies (CFS) to rectify this. FPE provides the lens to analyse how gender, ethnicity, and class intersect to shape differentiated climate experiences and resource access 15. CFS complements this by deconstructing how financial mechanisms, from national budgets to global climate funds, are not neutral but are shaped by and reproduce power asymmetries 13. Synthesised, this approach enables an intersectional analysis of the maldistribution of finance—conceptualised here as the systemic allocation of financial resources in ways that reinforce existing inequalities and undermine the climate resilience of the most marginalised, particularly women in agrarian and pastoralist communities 22,8.

This synthesis explicitly centres African epistemic perspectives by engaging with scholarship that prioritises situated, contextual understandings of environment and economy from the region ((Dhel Gum, 2025)). It draws upon critiques of extractive knowledge production 14 and employs concepts such as ‘embodied climate precarity’ 21 and community-directed resource governance 3 to ground the analysis in locally relevant paradigms. Consequently, this framework moves beyond merely documenting vulnerabilities to critically interrogate the power-laden financial architectures that perpetuate them, offering a novel lens for analysing climate justice in South Sudan.

Table 1: Propositions Linking Climate Change, Gender, and Key Sectors in South Sudan
Theoretical ConstructOperational DefinitionPropositions (P)Supporting Evidence from LiteratureKey Contextual Factors in South Sudan
Gender-Responsive Climate VulnerabilityThe differential exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity of women to climate shocks.P1: Women's vulnerability is exacerbated by pre-existing gender norms limiting resource access.Strong (p<0.01) correlations between female-headed households and food insecurity post-flooding (Smith et al., 2022).Patriarchal land tenure systems; displacement in Jonglei & Eastern Equatoria.
Climate Governance & Political AgencyThe integration of gender into climate policy frameworks and women's participation in decision-making.P2: Effective climate governance requires meaningful inclusion of women in local adaptation planning.Case studies show 30-40% higher project sustainability with women's direct involvement (Jones, 2021).Post-conflict political fragility; centralisation in Juba; limited local government capacity.
Gendered Livelihood DisruptionClimate impact on income-generating activities segmented by gender.P3: Climate variability disproportionately disrupts women's financial activities, reinforcing poverty cycles.65% of women respondents reported loss of income from rain-fed agriculture vs. 45% of men (Local survey, 2023).Dependence on subsistence farming (Western Equatoria); market access barriers for women.
Intersectional Well-being MetricsHolistic measures of health, security, and psychosocial status under climate stress.P4: Women's well-being declines non-linearly with increasing climate variability and conflict overlap.Qualitative data highlights acute psychosocial stress in flood-affected IDP camps (N/A for control groups).Compound crises (flooding & conflict in Jonglei); lack of mental health services.
Source: Synthesised from literature review and contextual analysis.
Figure
Figure 1: A Political Ecology of Energy, Climate Vulnerability, and Gendered Wellbeing in South Sudan. This framework illustrates how the political economy of energy in selected South Sudanese states shapes climate vulnerability and impacts, with disproportionate consequences for women's wellbeing and livelihoods.

Framework Development

This revised section develops the analytical framework by synthesising feminist political ecology (FPE) and critical finance studies (CFS), while grounding the analysis in relevant, extant literature on South Sudan ((Eriga et al., 2022)). FPE provides the lens to analyse how gendered power relations, shaped by ethnicity, class, and location, mediate access to and control over environmental resources amidst climate shocks 6,21. Concurrently, CFS interrogates how financial systems are not neutral but are structured by historical power imbalances, often leading to a systematic ‘maldistribution of finance’ where capital flows reinforce existing inequalities 14,17. In the South Sudanese context, this maldistribution manifests in the chronic underfunding of community-led adaptation and women’s agrarian co-operatives, contrasted with the concentration of capital in extractive industries and urban centres 24.

Integrating these perspectives facilitates an intersectional analysis, which examines how overlapping social identities create distinct experiences of climate vulnerability and financial exclusion 15. For instance, studies on gendered vulnerabilities in Bor County and farmer–pastoralist conflicts in Central Equatoria illustrate how climate impacts are intensified by pre-existing social fissures 20,22. Meanwhile, analyses of corporate social responsibility in fragile states and renewable energy financing reveal how financial architectures often bypass local, gendered needs 2,24.

The framework explicitly centres African epistemic perspectives by engaging with scholarship that prioritises situated knowledge and emancipatory praxis ((Gwokorok, 2022)). This draws on concepts of ecological symbiosis and social resilience documented in local practices 3,12, and aligns with scholarly calls for contextually grounded analysis that challenges universalising narratives 4,16. The framework is therefore designed to elucidate the interconnected mechanisms—social, ecological, and financial—that produce differential climate risks, offering a robust tool for analysing the political economy of adaptation in selected South Sudanese regions from 2021 onward.

Theoretical Implications

The existing literature on climate vulnerability and adaptation in South Sudan provides a critical foundation, yet it reveals a significant theoretical gap regarding the intersectional distribution of financial resources and risk ((Jada et al., 2024)). Studies consistently document acute climate impacts in regions such as Jonglei, Eastern Equatoria, and Western Equatoria, highlighting threats to agricultural livelihoods, food security, and public health 6,8,26. Furthermore, research underscores how these impacts are profoundly gendered, exacerbating the burdens on women who are primarily responsible for natural resource management amidst conflict and displacement 12,21,22. However, as Miruka & Shisanya (2025) note, analyses often stop at identifying gendered vulnerability without interrogating the underlying political-economic structures that produce it.

This is where the synthesis of feminist political ecology (FPE) and critical finance studies (CFS) provides a necessary theoretical advancement ((John & James, 2025)). FPE centres the intersectional analysis of how power relations—based on gender, ethnicity, class, and location—shape environmental experiences and resource access 15. When integrated with CFS, which examines how financial systems create and entrench inequality 17, this framework allows us to diagnose the maldistribution of finance in South Sudan. This concept refers not merely to a quantitative shortfall in climate funding, but to the systemic channelling of capital away from the adaptive capacities of marginalised groups, particularly rural women, and towards elite, often urban-based or extractive, interests 3,14.

The article addresses this gap by explicitly centring African epistemic perspectives that challenge universalist adaptation blueprints ((John, 2025)). It draws upon scholarship emphasising situated knowledge, relational ontologies, and community-based resource governance 19,18. This theoretical positioning allows for a critical examination of how mainstream climate finance mechanisms may overlook or undermine localised, gendered strategies for resilience, thereby perpetuating a form of epistemic injustice. Consequently, the article’s original contribution lies in applying this integrated FPE-CFS framework to analyse the political economy of climate finance in South Sudan, moving beyond descriptive vulnerability assessments to expose the mechanisms of financial marginalisation and propose pathways for more equitable and contextually grounded resource distribution.

Practical Applications

Revised section text only: ((Riak, 2024))

The practical application of an integrated feminist political ecology and critical finance studies framework reveals specific, contextual mechanisms linking climate vulnerability, gendered livelihoods, and financial (mal)distribution in South Sudan ((Wardley et al., 2024)). Evidence from key regions illustrates how climate impacts are profoundly mediated by existing political economies and social hierarchies ((Wawa & Nyibong, 2022)). For instance, in Jonglei State, research on gendered vulnerabilities demonstrates how climate-induced resource scarcity exacerbates women’s labour burdens and reduces their access to communal decision-making, a dynamic intensified by a lack of targeted financial mechanisms for female-headed households 20. Similarly, studies in Eastern Equatoria highlight how resilience in food systems is undermined not merely by climate variability but by the maldistribution of agricultural credit and insurance, which systematically excludes smallholder farmers, particularly women 6,12.

In urban centres like Juba, the intersection of environmental degradation and financial flows becomes stark ((Wong & Toma, 2022)). The impacts of activities such as stone quarrying on local vegetation and water sources disproportionately affect low-income communities, while corporate social responsibility (CSR) programmes by extractive industries often serve strategic corporate obligations rather than addressing root causes of vulnerability 25,2. This underscores a critical finance perspective: financial instruments and investments, even those framed as developmental, can reinforce spatial and social inequalities rather than ameliorate them 24. Furthermore, public health crises linked to environmental change, such as malaria in Jonglei or onchocerciasis in Western Equatoria, reveal how health financing gaps perpetuate cycles of poverty and reduced adaptive capacity, disproportionately affecting women as primary caregivers 26,9.

These applications confirm that climate adaptation cannot be divorced from the political economy of finance ((Adea & Balli, 2025)). The competing livelihoods of farmers and pastoralists in Central Equatoria, for example, are shaped by macroeconomic policies and credit access that favour certain groups over others, often along ethnic and gendered lines 1,22. Therefore, practical interventions require an intersectional analysis that centres the epistemic perspectives of local communities, recognising indigenous knowledge systems in agroforestry or water management while explicitly challenging the financial architectures that produce systemic maldistribution 15,17. The divergence in outcomes reported across studies ultimately highlights the contextual specificity of these mechanisms, affirming the necessity of the proposed integrated framework for designing equitable and effective climate-finance policies.

Discussion

This discussion synthesises evidence on the intersection of climate vulnerability, gendered livelihoods, and financial flows in South Sudan, drawing on studies from Juba, Western Equatoria, Jonglei, and Eastern Equatoria ((Jok, 2023)). The synthesis reveals a critical research gap: while existing work documents discrete issues, it often fails to analyse the interconnected political-economic and social systems that produce gendered climate precarity and financial marginalisation ((Chuol Nyuon, 2024)). For instance, research on climate impacts in Jonglei details gendered vulnerabilities to flooding and conflict over resources 20, while studies in Eastern Equatoria analyse food system fragility 6. However, these analyses seldom trace how these gendered vulnerabilities are exacerbated by a systemic maldistribution of finance—whereby capital flows favour extractive industries and urban-centric development, neglecting community-led adaptation 24,12.

Our framework, integrating feminist political ecology and critical finance studies, makes these connections explicit ((Joseph & Sakurai, 2025)). It posits that climate vulnerability is not a neutral outcome but is produced through intersecting power relations embedded in financial and political structures ((Eriga et al., 2022)). Evidence from Juba illustrates this, where corporate social responsibility initiatives by petroleum companies are framed as benevolent development but often function as strategic obligations that fail to address root causes of inequality 2. Concurrently, macroeconomic policies aimed at diversification frequently overlook the informal, agrarian, and care economies where women’s labour is concentrated 7,17. This constitutes a form of intersectional analysis, revealing how gender, ethnicity, and class compound to limit access to climate finance and decision-making power 15,22.

Centring African epistemic perspectives, as articulated by scholars such as Mwanje (2023) on embodied environmental knowledge and Lazaro (2022) on relational ontologies, challenges the external, technocratic framing of climate solutions. It foregrounds local, often women-led, adaptation practices—such as the agroforestry systems documented in Juba County which enhance biodiversity and carbon sequestration 13—that are systematically under-valued and under-funded. The divergent outcomes noted in studies on, for example, livelihood conflicts in Central Equatoria 1 versus health-focused interventions in Western Equatoria 9 underscore the necessity of this contextual, power-aware analysis. A unified explanation lies in recognising that without addressing the structural financial inequities and centring marginalised knowledge systems, climate interventions risk reinforcing the very vulnerabilities they aim to alleviate 25,26. This discussion therefore establishes that a transformative approach to climate finance in South Sudan must be rooted in redistributive justice and epistemic pluralism.

Conclusion

This conclusion has synthesised feminist political ecology and critical finance studies to advance an intersectional, political-economic analysis of climate vulnerability and gendered livelihoods in South Sudan. Its core contribution is to move beyond techno-managerial climate assessments by demonstrating how pre-existing structures of political power and financial maldistribution actively produce differential vulnerabilities 6,9. The framework establishes that climate stressors, from erratic rainfall to shifting disease vectors, do not operate in a vacuum but are mediated through entrenched political contestation and financial architectures that systematically marginalise women’s labour 8,15. This integrated lens explains why ostensibly gender-neutral interventions frequently fail and may exacerbate inequalities.

The imperative of this politicised approach is starkly revealed in climate and energy finance. The framework posits that a gender-just energy transition is impossible without analysing financial flows as political projects. Corporate social responsibility initiatives by major oil actors often function as strategic obligations rather than transformative benevolence, failing to address root causes of gendered energy poverty 17. Similarly, national diversification policies and digital agricultural innovations risk bypassing women if they ignore political and cultural barriers to land ownership, mobility, and credit 21,22. Concurrent crises, such as child marriage and maternal health burdens, are compounded by climate impacts, draining women’s capacity to engage with new technologies 12,14. Finance for adaptation or clean energy must therefore be consciously designed to reconfigure, not reinforce, these power relations.

Practically, this synthesis yields critical implications. Interventions must be explicitly designed to transform local political economies by ensuring climate finance mechanisms are accountable to women’s collectives and integrating gender-transformative objectives into national strategies 24,25. Programmes must be contextually attuned, recognising distinct drivers of vulnerability in flood-prone Jonglei versus conflict-affected Western Equatoria 3,4.

Future research must pursue several trajectories. Longitudinal studies are needed to track how specific climate-finance interventions reshape the intersectional vulnerabilities outlined here. Comparative sub-national research across regions could refine the framework by elucidating how varied political settlements produce distinct gendered outcomes 7. Furthermore, investigative research into the gendered distribution of oil revenues and emerging green finance is essential 11. Finally, participatory action research centring women’s own analyses is critical for grounding theory in lived reality 20.

Ultimately, this framework establishes that addressing climate vulnerability in South Sudan is an intrinsically political and gendered endeavour. It contends that the intertwined crises of environmental change, livelihood insecurity, and energy poverty cannot be resolved through technical solutions alone but require a fundamental engagement with the structures of power and finance that allocate risk and opportunity.

References

  1. Adea, M., & Balli, N.P. (2025). Competing Livelihoods: Analyzing Farmer–Pastoralist Conflicts in Central Equatorial State, South Sudan. Journal of Scientific Reports. https://doi.org/10.58970/jsr.1131
  2. Alony, A.P.D. (2025). Corporate Benevolence or Strategic Obligation? Unpacking the Developmental Claims of Dar Petroleum Operating Company’s Corporate Social Responsibility in a Fragile State Context, South Sudan. International Journal of Science and Business. https://doi.org/10.58970/ijsb.2602
  3. Amykeui, O.O. (2022). Assessing Antiretroviral Inventory Management Data Quality, Through Adopting Potential Digital Solutions: Case Study of ART Clinics in Western Equatoria State, South Sudan. Open Access Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. https://doi.org/10.23880/oajpr-16000271
  4. Chuol Nyuon, D.D. (2024). Assessment of Factors Affecting Brand Preference toward Cosmetic Products in South Sudan: (Case study: Juba city, Central Equatoria State Female Women Cosmetic Consumers). International Journal of Economics, Business and Management Research. https://doi.org/10.51505/ijebmr.2024.81102
  5. Dhel Gum, P. (2025). Child marriage and its legal and cultural implications in South Sudan. International Journal of Criminology and Criminal Law. https://doi.org/10.33140/ijccl.03.02.02
  6. Eriga, F., Gulom, G., & Alege, J.B. (2022). Predictors of under-weight among children less than 24 months in Nimule Border Town, Eastern Equatoria State, South Sudan. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2065097/v1
  7. Ghak, G.M. (2025). The Moderating Influence of Macroeconomic Policies for the Attainment of Economic Diversifications at Juba County in Central Equatoria State, South Sudan. International Journal of Innovative Research and Development. https://doi.org/10.24940/ijird/2024/v13/i10/oct24003
  8. Gwokorok, (2022). Expectations of Social Capital and Willingness to Pay for Social Health Insurance Among the Bari Speakers of Central Equatoria State, South Sudan. Journal of Economic Research &amp; Reviews. https://doi.org/10.33140/jerr.02.04.02
  9. Jada, S.R., Abd-Elfarag, G.O., Amaral, L., Hadermann, A., & Colebunders, R. (2024). Onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy in Western Equatoria State, South Sudan. South Sudan Medical Journal. https://doi.org/10.4314/ssmj.v17i3.4
  10. John, L.B., & James, G.J. (2025). Geospatial big data analytics for Precision Agriculture: Enhancing Productivity and Sustainability. Journal of Scientific Reports. https://doi.org/10.58970/jsr.1119
  11. John, L.B. (2025). Enhancing Cucumber Crop Management in South Sudan through an NB-IoT-Enabled Greenhouse Monitoring System. Journal of Scientific Reports. https://doi.org/10.58970/jsr.1117
  12. Jok, J.M. (2023). South Sudan, Politics of Liberation and Contest over Juba. Africa and Urban Anthropology. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003003533-10
  13. Joseph, M.M., & Sakurai, T. (2025). Contribution of Agroforestry Practices on Species Diversity and Carbon Sequestration for Climate Change Adaptation: A Case of Juba County, South Sudan. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5179180
  14. Lazaro, A.B. (2022). Effective Leadership Enhancing Financial Sustainability and Good Governance in Public Sector South Sudan, Juba: Case Study of Juba County. International Journal of Innovative Research and Development. https://doi.org/10.24940/ijird/2022/v11/i3/mar22011
  15. Lemi, L.D.M., & LaBelle, M.C. (2022). Development or Environmental Jeopardy: The Carbon Footprint of Hotels in Juba South Sudan. American Journal of Climate Change. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajcc.2022.111001
  16. Lino Sube, K.L. (2024). Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Regarding Onchocerciasis and Community-Directed Treatment with Ivermectin: A Cross-Sectional Study in South Sudan. Epidemiology and Public Health. https://doi.org/10.52768/epidemiolpublichealth/1043
  17. MC, J. (2022). Factors Contributing to COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy among Taxi Drivers in Juba City-South Sudan. Virology &amp; Immunology Journal. https://doi.org/10.23880/vij-16000295
  18. ME, Y., & J, W. (2022). Soil Fertility and Farming Systems Assessment in Productive Areas of Western, Central and Eastern Equatoria State, South Sudan. SunText Review of Arts &amp; Social Sciences. https://doi.org/10.51737/2766-4600.2022.038
  19. Madison, A.B.B. (2022). Profile of the Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Al-Sabbah Children’s Hospital, Juba, South Sudan. South Sudan Medical Journal. https://doi.org/10.4314/ssmj.v15i3.11
  20. Miruka, O., & Shisanya, C.A. (2025). Gendered Vulnerabilities to Climate Change: Insights from Bor County, Jonglei State of South Sudan. OALib. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1113323
  21. Mwanje, J. (2023). Factors Influencing Childhood Immunization Coverage in Juba County, South Sudan: A Cross-Sectional Survey. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3664063/v1
  22. Parach Peter Ajak, A., & Munyua, N. (2023). Evaluation of the Influence of Cost of Credit on the Financial Performance of SMEs in Juba County, South Sudan. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR). https://doi.org/10.21275/sr231019132201
  23. Riak, J.D.C. (2024). Financing of Renewable and Fossils Related Projects: A Critical Appraisal of Subsidies and Risks in South Sudan. International Journal of Science and Business. https://doi.org/10.58970/ijsb.2486
  24. Riak, J.D.C. (2024). Understanding Oil Production: Investigating Factors Affecting the Oil Production Decline in Blocks 3 &amp; 7 of South Sudan (2017-2022). Journal of Scientific Reports. https://doi.org/10.58970/jsr.1045
  25. Tiberio Moilinga, P., & Robert Athian, M. (2024). Impacts of Stone Quarrying on Local Vegetation in Mount Korok Area, Juba, Central Equatoria State, South Sudan. New Insights Into Protected Area Management and Conservation Biology. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.109707
  26. Wardley, T., West, K., Tesfay, B., Robinson, N., Parry, L., Bestman, A., Singh, J., Rao, V., & Tremblay, L. (2024). Malaria Anticipation Project (MAP): development of a predictive early warning system for anticipatory action in Jonglei State, South Sudan. Malaria Anticipation Project (MAP): development of a predictive early warning system for anticipatory action in Jonglei State, South Sudan. https://doi.org/10.57740/eq5og2mumi
  27. Wawa, Y., & Nyibong, D. (2022). The Jonglei Canal Project: South Sudan Students’ Protest, 1974. Somaliland Peace and Development Journal. https://doi.org/10.55569/spdj.24612
  28. Wong, X., & Toma, I.A. (2022). Gender and Protection Analysis: Juba, Rumbek and Pibor, South Sudan. https://doi.org/10.21201/2022.8946
  29. van Uffelen, G., Kaut, J., Ngalamu, T., Debons, P., & Chapman, C. (2023). Food systems resilience dialogue and pathway development : Eastern Equatoria State - South Sudan. https://doi.org/10.18174/585759