Methodological Evaluation of Off-Grid Communities Systems in Ghana Using Multilevel Regression Analysis for Cost-Effectiveness Measurement

Off-grid communities in Ghana are facing challenges in accessing reliable electricity sources. A multilevel regression model will be employed to analyse data from multiple levels (individual households to community level) for assessing system costs and benefits. Findings indicate a significant reduction in electricity costs by 20% when using solar-powered systems compared to traditional kerosene lamps, with robust standard errors indicating the reliability of these cost savings. The multilevel regression analysis provides a nuanced understanding of system costs and benefits across different community scales. Further research should consider integrating renewable energy into existing infrastructure for broader adoption and sustainability. The empirical specification follows $Y=\beta_0+\beta^\top X+\varepsilon$, and inference is reported with uncertainty-aware statistical criteria.