Air Pollution Sources, Impacts, and Control Measures in Urban Lagos, Nigeria

Air pollution in urban Lagos, Nigeria poses significant health risks to its inhabitants. A systematic literature review was conducted using databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar. Keywords included 'air pollution', 'Lagos', and 'urban environment'. The analysis identified vehicular emissions as a dominant source of urban air pollution, contributing up to 60% of total particulate matter (PM2.5) levels. Urban planning strategies that include more green spaces and stricter emission standards are recommended for mitigating the impacts of air pollution in Lagos. Implementing a city-wide public transportation system and enforcing stringent vehicle emission regulations can significantly reduce urban air pollution. The empirical specification follows $Y=\beta_0+\beta^\top X+\varepsilon$, and inference is reported with uncertainty-aware statistical criteria.