Deforestation and land degradation are significant environmental challenges in Madagascar, affecting various ecosystem services crucial for the country's biodiversity and livelihoods. Not applicable This theoretical analysis underscores the urgent need for sustainable land management practices that balance economic development with environmental conservation efforts in Madagascar. Policy makers should prioritise reforestation and rehabilitation programmes, integrating them into broader strategies to ensure long-term ecological health and socio-economic stability. The empirical specification follows $Y=\beta_0+\beta^\top X+\varepsilon$, and inference is reported with uncertainty-aware statistical criteria.