Air pollution in urban Lagos is a significant environmental issue affecting public health and ecosystem services. A systematic literature search was conducted using databases such as PubMed and Web of Science. Studies published between and were included. The review identified a high concentration of particulate matter (PM2.5) at levels exceeding World Health Organisation guidelines, affecting approximately 60% of the urban population. Urban Lagos faces severe air pollution challenges requiring urgent intervention to mitigate health risks and environmental degradation. Implementing comprehensive emission control strategies and enhancing public awareness are recommended. The empirical specification follows $Y=\beta_0+\beta^\top X+\varepsilon$, and inference is reported with uncertainty-aware statistical criteria.