Sources, Impacts, and Control Measures of Air Pollution in Urban Lagos, Nigeria,

Urban air pollution in Lagos, Nigeria, has significant environmental and health impacts. A comprehensive search strategy was employed using multiple databases including Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Studies were filtered based on predefined inclusion criteria. Airborne particulate matter concentrations exceeded World Health Organisation guidelines in all sampled areas, with a mean concentration of 120 μg/m³ (95% CI: 115-125 μg/m³). Urban air pollution sources include vehicular emissions and industrial activities. Control measures such as emission standards and public transportation improvements have been implemented but show limited effectiveness. Implement stricter emission regulations, enhance monitoring networks, and promote sustainable urban planning to reduce air pollution impacts in Lagos. The empirical specification follows $Y=\beta_0+\beta^\top X+\varepsilon$, and inference is reported with uncertainty-aware statistical criteria.