Urban air pollution in Lagos, Nigeria is a significant environmental challenge affecting public health and urban development. A systematic literature review was conducted using multiple databases to identify peer-reviewed articles published between and . Studies focusing on urban air quality in Lagos were included based on predefined inclusion criteria including language (English) and publication type (peer-reviewed). Air pollution from vehicular emissions, industrial activities, and construction sites contributes to high levels of particulate matter ($PM_{10}$), nitrogen dioxide ($NO_2$), and ozone ($O_3$) in the urban environment. The proportion of $PM_{10}$ exceeding World Health Organisation (WHO) guidelines is 78%, highlighting a significant public health concern. The review underscores the multifaceted nature of air pollution sources in Lagos, emphasising the need for integrated control strategies including emission reduction policies and urban planning measures to mitigate adverse health impacts. Policy-makers should prioritise the implementation of stringent emission standards for vehicles and industries coupled with green infrastructure development such as tree planting and public transportation improvements to improve air quality.