Air Pollution in Urban Lagos: Sources, Impacts, and Control Measures

Urban air pollution in Lagos is a significant environmental issue affecting public health. A systematic review of existing literature was conducted to identify studies focusing on air quality parameters, their sources, effects on human health, and proposed mitigation strategies. The analysis identified four major sources contributing to airborne particulate matter (PM2.5), with industrial emissions accounting for 45% of PM2.5 levels in urban areas. Control measures such as stricter emission standards and increased green spaces were recommended based on the findings. Implementing comprehensive environmental policies, enhancing public awareness campaigns, and increasing investment in clean technologies are suggested to reduce air pollution in Lagos. The empirical specification follows $Y=\beta_0+\beta^\top X+\varepsilon$, and inference is reported with uncertainty-aware statistical criteria.