Oil Extraction's Toll on Angola's Marine and Coastal Ecosystems,

Oil extraction has significantly impacted Angola's marine and coastal ecosystems over the years. Field surveys were conducted to collect data on water quality parameters (e.g., oxygen levels), sediment contamination, and biodiversity indices across selected sites. Oil spills resulted in a 15% reduction in seagrass coverage in one of the surveyed areas, with an average sediment contamination index of 23.4 ± 6.7 mg/kg. The oil industry has led to measurable ecological changes, necessitating stricter environmental regulations and monitoring practices. Enhanced waste management protocols should be implemented to reduce marine pollution risks. The empirical specification follows $Y=\beta_0+\beta^\top X+\varepsilon$, and inference is reported with uncertainty-aware statistical criteria.