Community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) in Botswana has been implemented as a strategy to enhance sustainable use of wildlife resources and promote community welfare. A mixed-methods approach was employed, including semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, and quantitative data analysis using regression models. During the study period, there was a significant increase (p < 0.05) in community participation in wildlife management activities, with over 70% of respondents indicating increased engagement. CBNRM has contributed to improved wildlife conservation and socio-economic outcomes for communities, though challenges related to resource availability persist. Enhanced financial support and capacity-building programmes are recommended to sustain CBNRM initiatives. Community-based natural resource management, Botswana, longitudinal study, wildlife conservation, community participation The empirical specification follows $Y=\beta_0+\beta^\top X+\varepsilon$, and inference is reported with uncertainty-aware statistical criteria.