Urban Lagos in Nigeria faces significant air pollution challenges due to rapid industrialization and population growth. A systematic literature review was employed, encompassing peer-reviewed articles, reports, and grey literature from databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Studies published between and were included. Air pollutants in Lagos include particulate matter (PM2.5) with an average concentration of 48 μg/m³, exceeding WHO guidelines by 60%. Urban air pollution in Lagos is a complex issue exacerbated by inadequate emission controls and poor urban planning. Implementing stricter emission standards for vehicles and industrial sources, coupled with green spaces expansion, can mitigate the impact of urbanization on air quality. The empirical specification follows $Y=\beta_0+\beta^\top X+\varepsilon$, and inference is reported with uncertainty-aware statistical criteria.