Methodological Evaluation of Urban Primary Care Networks in Ghana: A Panel Data Approach to Measuring Clinical Outcomes,

Urban primary care networks in Ghana are crucial for addressing healthcare disparities. However, their effectiveness varies, necessitating a methodological evaluation. A systematic literature search was conducted with inclusion criteria based on specific healthcare indicators. Data from multiple years were analysed using a fixed-effects model. Panel-data estimation revealed significant improvements in patient satisfaction scores (mean increase of 15%) across urban primary care centers, but variations exist by region. The fixed-effects model highlights the need for regional-specific interventions to enhance clinical outcomes and improve system efficiency. Future studies should prioritise longitudinal data collection and incorporate qualitative insights to refine policy recommendations. Urban Primary Care Networks, Ghana, Panel Data Analysis, Clinical Outcomes Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.