Natural resource extraction has been a significant economic activity in Guinea-Bissau, contributing to its political economy and development. This study employs qualitative research methods including semi-structured interviews with local stakeholders, archival research on government documents, and secondary data analysis of economic reports. Interviews revealed a complex interplay between traditional governance structures and modern extractive industries, influencing resource allocation and community development efforts. The political economy of natural resource extraction in Guinea-Bissau is characterized by conflicts over land use rights and benefits distribution among different social groups. Stakeholder engagement mechanisms should be strengthened to ensure equitable benefit sharing from resource exploitation, particularly for marginalized communities.