Methodological Evaluation of Rural Clinics Systems in Rwanda Using Difference-in-Differences for Clinical Outcomes Measurement

Rural clinics in Rwanda face challenges in delivering consistent high-quality healthcare due to resource limitations and inadequate infrastructure. A DiD model was applied to assess changes in patient outcomes before and after implementing quality improvement measures in selected rural clinics. Data were collected from electronic health records for the period -. The DiD analysis revealed a statistically significant increase (p < 0.05) in the proportion of patients with improved treatment outcomes post-intervention compared to pre-intervention levels. The rural clinics showed potential for improvement, but further targeted interventions are needed to achieve full system effectiveness. Rural health authorities should prioritise training for staff and investment in essential medical supplies to enhance clinical performance. Rural Clinics, Rwanda, Quality Improvement, DiD Model, Clinical Outcomes Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.