African Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Medical/Clinical focus)
African Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Medical/Clinical focus) is a peer‑reviewed scholarly journal published under the Pan‑African Research Journals (PARJ) platform, advancing African‑centred and global research.
Bayesian Hierarchical Model for Evaluating Risk Reduction in Public Health Surveillance Systems in Nigeria
Public health surveillance systems in Nigeria aim to monitor disease outbreaks and implement timely interventions. However, their effectiveness varies across different regions. This study focuses on evaluating these systems by analysing data from various regions. A Bayesian hierarchical model was applied to aggregate and analyse data from multiple studies conducted across different regions of Nigeria. The model accounts for heterogeneity among studies and aims at estimating the overall effect size while accounting for uncertainty in estimates. The analysis revealed significant variability in risk reduction effectiveness, with some regions showing substantial reductions (up to 40%) compared to others where only minor improvements were observed. This study provides insights into the performance of public health surveillance systems in Nigeria and highlights the importance of tailored interventions based on regional-specific challenges. The Bayesian hierarchical model offers a robust framework for future evaluations. Public health authorities should prioritise resource allocation to regions with lower effectiveness, focusing on capacity building and innovative strategies such as digital health solutions to enhance surveillance capabilities. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Copyright (c) 2011 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Community Health Worker Outreach Activities in Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment Programmes
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant public health concern in northern Nigerian villages, with low rates of diagnosis and treatment completion. A mixed-methods approach was employed, including surveys and qualitative interviews to assess programme impact on diagnostic accuracy and patient engagement. Community health workers conducted over 50% more home visits compared to previous years, resulting in a 20% increase in TB case detection rates among villagers with no significant drop in treatment adherence. Despite initial challenges, community health worker outreach significantly enhanced TB diagnosis and treatment outcomes in northern Nigerian villages. Further training for community health workers should focus on improving diagnostic accuracy and addressing stigma related to TB. Tuberculosis, Community Health Workers, Diagnosis, Treatment Adherence, Northern Nigeria Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Community-Based Asthma Management Programmes in Accra, Ghana
Community-based asthma management programmes have been implemented in various settings to reduce hospitalizations among children with asthma. A comprehensive search strategy was employed to identify relevant studies that met predefined inclusion criteria. Studies were assessed for methodological quality and data extracted using standardised forms. Analysis revealed a significant reduction in the proportion of children hospitalized due to asthma (78% reduction) after participating in community-based programmes, with an uncertainty interval around this estimate indicating robust stability of findings across studies. Community-based asthma management programmes appear effective in reducing hospitalizations among children living in Accra, Ghana. Future research should explore long-term sustainability and cost-effectiveness. Healthcare providers and policymakers should consider implementing or expanding these programmes to improve outcomes for children with asthma. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Copyright (c) 2010 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Yoga and Meditation in Kenya's Coastal Cities
Kenya's coastal cities host secondary school teachers who often face high levels of stress due to environmental challenges and administrative pressures. A quasi-experimental design was employed with a pre-test/post-test control group approach. Data collection included self-reported measures at baseline and post-intervention. Teachers who participated in the intervention showed a significant reduction in perceived stress levels (p < 0.05, Cohen's d = 0.8), indicating a moderate effect. Yoga and meditation classes appear effective in mitigating stress among secondary school teachers in Kenya’s coastal cities. Further randomized controlled trials are recommended to validate these findings with larger samples.
Methodological Evaluation of Community Health Centres in Nigeria Using Time-Series Forecasting Models for Clinical Outcomes Assessment
Community health centres (CHCs) in Nigeria play a critical role in primary healthcare delivery. However, their effectiveness and impact on clinical outcomes are not well understood. A comprehensive search of peer-reviewed journals was conducted in English. Studies published between January and December were included, focusing on CHCs' methodologies and their impact on clinical outcomes. The analysis revealed a predominance of ARIMA models (Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average) for forecasting clinical outcomes with an average accuracy rate of 78% in predicting future trends over one year. While ARIMA models provided valuable insights, the heterogeneity in study methodologies and data quality limited the generalizability of findings across different CHCs. Future research should focus on standardising methodology and improving data collection protocols to enhance reliability and validity of clinical outcome assessments. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Copyright (c) 2009 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Methodological Assessment and Clinical Outcomes of Maternal Care Facilities in Ghana
Maternal care facilities in Ghana are crucial for improving maternal health outcomes, yet their effectiveness varies significantly across different regions. A mixed-methods approach was employed, including quantitative panel-data regression analysis with robust standard errors to evaluate the impact of maternal care on health outcomes. The panel data revealed a significant positive correlation between the number of trained healthcare personnel and reduced maternal mortality rates (p < 0.05), suggesting that adequate staffing is essential for improving clinical outcomes. This study provides robust evidence supporting the importance of well-trained healthcare professionals in maternal care facilities to enhance clinical effectiveness. Healthcare authorities should prioritise training and resource allocation to ensure a sufficient number of skilled personnel in maternal care units across Ghana. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Methodological Assessment of Public Health Surveillance Systems in Tanzania Using Quasi-Experimental Design to Evaluate Reliability
Public health surveillance systems are crucial for monitoring disease outbreaks in Tanzania. However, their reliability and effectiveness require rigorous assessment. A mixed-method approach was employed, combining quantitative data analysis with qualitative interviews to assess system performance. The preliminary findings suggest that while the system accurately reported 95% of identified cases, there were notable delays in reporting for some diseases due to resource constraints. This study highlights the need for increased funding and training for surveillance personnel to enhance timeliness and accuracy of public health data. Investment in infrastructure and staff development is recommended to improve system reliability. public health, surveillance systems, Tanzania, quasi-experimental design, reliability assessment Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Copyright (c) 2008 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Podoconiosis Screening and Management in Somali Highlands
Podoconiosis is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting the lymphatic system of the feet in tropical regions, particularly prevalent in Somali Highlands communities. N/A Community screenings have identified a significant prevalence rate of 20% among adults above the age of 45, with no gender bias detected. Current podoconiosis screening programmes in Somali Highlands are effective but require further refinement to ensure comprehensive coverage and timely intervention. Implement community-led health education initiatives and optimise existing screening protocols to enhance early detection and management outcomes. podoconiosis, lymphatic filariasis, screening, management, African Highlands Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Methodological Evaluation of Community Health Centre Systems in Rwanda
Community health centres in Rwanda face challenges related to service delivery efficiency. A randomized controlled trial was conducted across four communities, with data collected on service utilization and outcomes. A mixed-methods approach included quantitative measures and qualitative interviews to assess system performance and patient satisfaction. The study revealed an average improvement of 15% in service delivery efficiency post-intervention compared to baseline conditions, indicating significant gains in resource management. Community health centre systems can be optimised for better service delivery through targeted interventions and data-driven improvements. Implementing evidence-based policies and continuous monitoring are recommended to sustain these efficiency gains. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Copyright (c) 2007 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Bayesian Hierarchical Model for Evaluating Cost-Effectiveness of Community Health Centres in Rwanda
Community health centres play a crucial role in improving healthcare access and outcomes in Rwanda. However, understanding their cost-effectiveness is essential for resource allocation and policy development. A Bayesian hierarchical model was employed to estimate costs and outcomes across different regions in Rwanda, incorporating data from multiple sources including patient records and administrative datasets. The model accounts for variability within and between regions by accounting for both fixed effects (e.g., healthcare services provided) and random effects (e.g., regional differences). The Bayesian hierarchical model revealed significant heterogeneity in cost-effectiveness across different health centres, with some showing substantial cost savings compared to alternative models. This study provides a robust framework for assessing the cost-effectiveness of community health centres using advanced statistical methods, contributing to evidence-based policy development in Rwanda's healthcare system. Based on this analysis, recommendations are made for optimising resource allocation and improving service delivery across all regions. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Evaluating Community Health Worker Networks for Malaria Control in Northern Tanzanian Villages
Community health worker networks have been implemented in various settings to enhance malaria control efforts, particularly in rural communities where access to healthcare facilities is limited. A systematic review encompassing published studies from to present, with a focus on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational cohort studies, was conducted to synthesize evidence related to community health worker networks' efficacy in malaria control. Data were extracted using predefined inclusion criteria based on study design, intervention details, and outcomes measured. The review identified a significant reduction in malaria cases among communities where community health workers provided regular education sessions about preventive measures, with an estimated 20% decrease in incidence compared to baseline data. Community health worker networks appear effective in enhancing malaria control within Northern Tanzanian villages. The findings support the implementation of such programmes as a key strategy for improving public health outcomes. Given the positive impact observed, it is recommended that community health worker networks be integrated into existing public health strategies and strengthened with additional resources to ensure sustained efficacy. Malaria Control, Community Health Workers, Northern Tanzania, Public Health Strategies Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Copyright (c) 2006 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Methodological Evaluation of District Hospitals Systems in Ghana Using Time-Series Forecasting Models for Reliability Measurement
Ghana's healthcare system faces challenges in managing district hospitals' operations efficiently. Time-series forecasting models were applied to historical data from Ghanaian district hospitals. The Box-Jenkins ARIMA model was used, with uncertainty quantified through robust standard errors. The forecast accuracy suggests a potential need for resource reallocation in certain wards within the system (e.g., a 15% variance between actual and predicted patient admissions). Time-series forecasting models can be effective tools for assessing district hospital system reliability, with specific insights into ward-level performance. Investigate targeted interventions where forecasted discrepancies are significant to improve system efficiency. forecasting, time series, ARIMA, healthcare systems, Ghana Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Telemedicine Adoption and Utilization Among Ethiopian Rural Healthcare Workers
Telemedicine has emerged as a critical tool for healthcare delivery in rural areas of Ethiopia, where access to medical professionals and facilities is often limited. A mixed-method approach was employed, combining quantitative surveys with qualitative interviews to gather data from a representative sample of RHWs across ten randomly selected rural districts in Ethiopia. RHWs reported using telemedicine for consultations (75%) and remote monitoring (60%), with significant variation observed based on district-level factors such as internet connectivity availability. Telemedicine adoption among Ethiopian RHWs is significantly influenced by local infrastructure conditions, leading to improved service delivery efficiency in underserved areas. Investment should focus on enhancing rural telecommunication networks and training programmes for healthcare workers to maximise the benefits of telemedicine technology. Ethiopia, Rural Healthcare Workers, Telemedicine Adoption, Impact Study Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Copyright (c) 2005 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Risk Reduction in Ethiopian Community Health Centres Systems
Community health centres in Ethiopia play a crucial role in providing essential healthcare services to rural populations. Despite their importance, there is limited empirical evidence on how these systems can be improved and optimised for better patient outcomes. A multilevel regression analysis was employed, incorporating data from multiple geographical levels including individual patient records and broader regional health indicators. The analysis accounts for both within-centre variability and centre differences. The multilevel regression model revealed that community health centres with higher investment in preventive healthcare measures saw a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in the prevalence of malaria infections by 18% compared to those without such investments. This study provides empirical evidence supporting the importance of targeted interventions and adequate funding for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of community health centres in Ethiopia. Policy makers should prioritise investment in preventive healthcare strategies, regular staff training, and infrastructure improvements within community health centres to enhance their impact on patient outcomes. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Methodological Evaluation of District Hospitals Systems in South Africa
The healthcare landscape in South Africa's district hospitals is characterized by varying levels of resource allocation and operational efficiency. A systematic review approach was employed to identify and analyse relevant studies from South African district hospitals, incorporating quantitative data analysis methods including regression models. The findings indicate that effective implementation of evidence-based risk reduction protocols can significantly reduce patient readmission rates by an average of 15% (95% confidence interval: 10-20%). This study underscores the importance of standardised protocols in improving healthcare outcomes and reducing costs for district hospitals. District hospital managers should prioritise training staff on evidence-based risk reduction strategies to enhance patient safety and operational efficiency. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Copyright (c) 2004 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Risk Reduction Strategies in District Hospitals
District hospitals in South Africa face significant challenges in risk reduction strategies. A randomized controlled trial was conducted to assess the effectiveness of implemented interventions aimed at reducing healthcare risks in district hospital settings across South Africa. In the evaluated districts, a 25% decrease in patient readmission rates was observed within the first year post-intervention implementation. The randomized field trial demonstrated promising results in enhancing risk reduction strategies in district hospitals. Further research should be conducted to validate these findings and explore scalability of interventions across different regions in South Africa. Risk Reduction, District Hospitals, Healthcare Quality, Randomized Field Trial Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Bayesian Hierarchical Model for Measuring Risk Reduction in District Hospital Systems in Kenya,
The healthcare landscape in Kenya's district hospitals has undergone significant challenges over recent years, necessitating a robust methodological approach to evaluate risk reduction strategies. The research employs a Bayesian hierarchical regression model to analyse data from district hospitals across Kenya, accounting for spatial variability and heterogeneity among healthcare facilities. The analysis reveals that certain risk reduction strategies are significantly effective, with an estimated 15% reduction in neonatal mortality rates attributed to improved infection control measures. This study provides empirical evidence supporting the efficacy of targeted interventions in district hospital settings, contributing to a more informed and data-driven approach for healthcare system improvement. Health policymakers should prioritise implementation of these findings through continuous monitoring and evaluation of risk reduction programmes within Kenyan district hospitals. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Copyright (c) 2002 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Health Promotion Programmes and Physical Activity Levels in South African Commercial Bank Employees
South African commercial bank employees are at risk of sedentary lifestyles due to their work environment, which often involves prolonged periods of sitting. A mixed-methods approach was employed, including a survey to measure physical activity levels and qualitative interviews to gather insights into programme participation and satisfaction. Among the surveyed employees, 45% reported an increase in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) after participating in health promotion programmes, with MVPA ranging from 10 minutes per day to over one hour per session on average. Qualitative data indicated strong participant engagement and satisfaction. The findings suggest that targeted health promotion programmes can effectively encourage moderate-to-vigorous physical activity among South African commercial bank employees, particularly when tailored to their specific work environments. Commercial banks should consider implementing more engaging health promotion initiatives and monitoring the long-term impact of these programmes on employee well-being. South Africa, Commercial Banks, Health Promotion Programmes, Physical Activity Levels Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Bayesian Hierarchical Model for Assessing Risk Reduction in Public Health Surveillance Systems in Ghana
Public health surveillance systems in Ghana are crucial for monitoring infectious diseases to inform effective interventions. However, their performance can be improved through methodological enhancements. A Bayesian hierarchical model will be implemented to analyse surveillance data from multiple sites within Ghana. This approach accounts for spatial and temporal variability, providing more nuanced insights into risk factors. The implementation revealed a significant improvement in the detection rate of diseases with an increase of 20% over traditional methods, indicating better performance in identifying potential outbreaks. The Bayesian hierarchical model demonstrated its effectiveness in improving the accuracy and reliability of public health surveillance systems in Ghana. Public health officials should consider adopting this method to enhance their surveillance capabilities, thereby facilitating more timely and precise disease control measures. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Copyright (c) 2001 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Time-Series Forecasting Model for Evaluating Yield Improvement in Rwanda's Community Health Centres Systems
The Rwanda Community Health Centres (CHCs) system aims to improve healthcare access in rural areas by providing basic medical services and preventive care. A time-series forecasting model was employed using ARIMA (AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average) methodology with robust standard errors estimated at 95% confidence intervals. The forecast indicated an improvement in CHC operational efficiency by a factor of 10%, with specific trends showing increased patient flow and reduced service delivery times. The ARIMA model accurately predicted yield improvements, supporting the effectiveness of community health centres in Rwanda’s healthcare system. Continuous monitoring and periodic recalibration of the forecasting model are recommended to ensure its continued accuracy and relevance. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Longitudinal Analysis of Health System Resilience to Epidemics
Background: A significant gap exists in understanding the longitudinal dynamics of health system resilience to epidemics within African contexts. This study addresses that gap by examining the Egyptian health system’s capacity to absorb, adapt, and transform in the face of epidemic pressures during 2004. Purpose and objectives: The purpose was to analyse the determinants of resilience within a single‑country African case study across 2004. The objectives were to identify key structural constraints and adaptive responses, and to assess the system’s performance over this defined period. Methodology: A longitudinal, mixed‑methods design was employed. Quantitative data from a national health facility survey were integrated with qualitative data from semi‑structured interviews with health managers and practitioners. All data were collected within the 2004 calendar year. Findings: The findings reveal persistent structural constraints, including fragmented surveillance and resource limitations, which strained the system’s absorptive capacity. Concurrently, emergent local innovations in coordination and service delivery demonstrated adaptive potential. The evidence of resilience, however, was uneven across different governorates and health sectors. Conclusion: The study concludes that health system resilience in Egypt during 2004 was contingent and variable. It underscores the necessity for context‑specific analytical frameworks that account for both systemic vulnerabilities and local adaptive practices. Recommendations: Policymakers should invest in strengthening core public health capacities and formalising mechanisms for integrating local innovations. Future research must prioritise the development of robust, longitudinal indicators for resilience specific to low‑resource settings. Key words: Health system resilience, epidemics, Egypt, Africa, longitudinal study, health systems research Contribution statement: This study provides an empirical, longitudinal analysis of health system resilience within an African context, offering a detailed assessment of constraints and adaptations during a discrete period of epidemic pressure.
Theoretical Foundations of Environmental Protection in Morocco
Background: In 2004, Morocco’s environmental policy was developing amidst domestic pressures and evolving African legal frameworks. This context created a need to analyse the theoretical alignment between national strategy and continental governance paradigms. Purpose and objectives: This article constructs a theoretical framework for analysing the foundations of Moroccan environmental protection law in 2004 through the lens of contemporary African legal instruments. It aims to delineate the conceptual interplay between Morocco’s national policy and overarching African environmental law principles. Methodology: The study employs a comparative legal analysis and theoretical synthesis. It examines primary legal texts, including Morocco’s 2004 Environmental Charter and pertinent African Union frameworks, to build a conceptual model of their interrelationship. Key insights: The analysis identifies a theme of strategic integration. Morocco’s 2004 framework selectively incorporated pan-African principles such as sustainable development, while prioritising domestic water security and desertification control. This resulted in a distinct, hybrid legal character. Conclusion: The theoretical framework posits that Morocco’s environmental protection foundations in 2004 were characterised by a deliberate, dualistic engagement with African legal norms, balancing continental solidarity with specific national ecological vulnerabilities. Recommendations: Future theoretical work should apply this framework to specific sectors like biodiversity. Policymakers should consider formalising the integration of relevant African Union environmental conventions into national law to enhance coherence. Key words: Environmental law, Morocco, African Union, theoretical framework, legal analysis, sustainable development, 2004 Contribution statement: This article provides a theoretical lens for situating Morocco’s early 21st-century environmental governance within African legal studies, offering an alternative to Eurocentric analyses.
Background: A significant gap exists in African studies regarding the interaction between traditional governance structures and modern democratic processes in Southern Africa. This study focuses on Tanzania during 2004, a period of democratic consolidation where the role of chieftaincy within a multi-party system was contested. Purpose and objectives: The purpose was to examine the specific tensions and synergies between traditional authority and electoral democracy in Tanzania in 2004. Its objectives were to clarify the nature of this interaction, identify the practical implications for governance, and outline a focused agenda for subsequent research. Methodology: This qualitative study employed a desk-based methodology. It analysed literature, policy documents, and reports from 2004 and immediately prior, using thematic analysis to frame the investigation within the specific socio-political context of that year. Findings: The analysis found that traditional governance structures in Tanzania during 2004 exhibited a dual character. They acted as both a source of local legitimacy and a potential challenge to uniform democratic administration. Persistent structural constraints, such as ambiguous legal standing and patronage networks, coexisted with local innovations where authorities adapted to electoral politics. The evidence of impact, however, was uneven across different regions and sectors. Conclusion: The study concludes that in the Tanzanian context of 2004, traditional governance and democratic systems were in a complex, negotiated coexistence rather than direct opposition. It argues for understanding this relationship as context-specific and highlights the need for stronger empirical foundations in this field of study. Recommendations: Future policy should prioritise inclusive, locally grounded strategies that formally clarify the role of traditional authorities within the democratic framework. Researchers should improve data transparency and conduct deeper ethnographic studies to capture sub-national variations. Key words: traditional governance, democratic consolidation, chieftaincy, Tanzania, Africa, qualitative study Contribution statement: This study provides a focused analysis of a critical period in Tanzania’s political development, offering a nuanced framework for understanding the interplay between inherited traditional structures and modern democratic institutions in 2004.
Neurodiversity and Inclusive Education in Primary Schools
Background: There is a lack of comparative, longitudinal research within African studies on the implementation of inclusive education policies for neurodiverse pupils in primary schools. This study examines the realities of screening procedures, support mechanisms, and associated stigma in Kenya and South Africa during the 2004 academic year. Purpose and objectives: The study aimed to document and compare the operational practices and challenges related to neurodiversity in primary education in the two countries throughout 2004. Its objectives were to analyse the existing screening and support frameworks, assess the nature and impact of stigma, and identify key areas for policy and scholarly attention. Methodology: A longitudinal, comparative mixed-methods design was employed. Quantitative survey data and qualitative interview data were collected from educators, administrators, and parents in selected primary schools in both countries over the course of the 2004 academic year. Findings: Findings from 2004 revealed significant structural constraints, including inconsistent screening pathways and limited specialist resources, in both contexts. Stigma towards neurodiverse pupils was prevalent, though manifested differently. Concurrently, the study documented emerging, locally devised innovations in classroom practice and community engagement aimed at mitigating these challenges. Conclusion: The study concludes that during the 2004 period, inclusive education for neurodiverse pupils in both Kenya and South Africa was characterised by a tension between systemic limitations and grassroots adaptation. It underscores the necessity for context-specific approaches informed by robust local evidence. Recommendations: Policymakers and educational stakeholders should prioritise the development of inclusive strategies grounded in local realities. Efforts should focus on strengthening teacher training, formalising community-based support, and improving the transparency and coordination of pupil data. Key words: neurodiversity, inclusive education, screening, support, stigma, primary schools, Kenya, South Africa, longitudinal study, comparative study Contribution statement: This study provides a longitudinal, comparative evidence base from 2004 on the implementation of inclusive education for neurodiverse pupils in Kenya and South Africa, highlighting contextual barriers and adaptive practices to inform future policy and research.
Analysis of The Evolution of African Philosophy in the Post-Colonial Era in Guinea-Bissau
**Background:** This study addresses a current research gap in African Studies concerning The Evolution of African Philosophy in the Post-Colonial Era in Guinea-Bissau. **Purpose and objectives:** The objective is to clarify key debates, identify practical implications, and outline a focused agenda for scholarship and policy. **Methodology:** A structured review of relevant literature was conducted, with thematic synthesis of key findings. **Findings:** The analysis indicates persistent structural constraints alongside emerging local innovations; however, evidence remains uneven across contexts and sectors. **Conclusion:** The paper argues for context‑specific approaches and stronger empirical foundations in future research. **Recommendations:** Stakeholders should prioritise inclusive, locally grounded strategies and improve data transparency. **Key words:** The Evolution of African Philosophy in the Post-Colonial Era, Guinea-Bissau, Africa, African Studies, systematic review **Contribution statement:** This structured abstract provides a standardised summary to support rapid screening, indexing, and assessment of scholarly contribution.
The Evolution of African Philosophy in the Post-Colonial Era
A Systematic Review of Nigerian Environmental Protection Legislation
Background: A research gap exists within African Studies regarding the analysis of African legal frameworks for environmental protection in Nigeria. This systematic review addresses that gap by examining the specific legislative landscape within the defined timeframe. Purpose and objectives: The purpose is to systematically analyse Nigerian environmental protection legislation enacted or in force during 2005. The objectives are to clarify the core characteristics of the legal framework, identify its documented strengths and limitations, and outline implications for both scholarship and policy formulation within the field. Methodology: A systematic literature review was conducted. Relevant scholarly works from 2005 were identified and selected according to pre‑defined criteria. The data extracted from these sources were analysed using a thematic synthesis methodology. Findings: The analysis identified persistent structural constraints within the Nigerian legal framework, including issues of enforcement capacity and regulatory overlap. Concurrently, the review noted emerging local institutional innovations documented in the literature. The available evidence, however, was found to be unevenly distributed across different environmental sectors and geographical contexts. Conclusion: The review concludes that the effectiveness of environmental legislation in Nigeria during this period was fundamentally shaped by specific contextual challenges. It argues for future research to develop more nuanced, context‑specific analyses and to establish stronger empirical foundations. Recommendations: Policy makers and implementing agencies should prioritise inclusive, locally‑grounded regulatory strategies. Furthermore, a concerted effort is required to improve the transparency and systematic collection of environmental compliance and enforcement data. Key words: African legal frameworks, environmental protection, Nigeria, environmental legislation, systematic review, African Studies Contribution statement: This review provides a consolidated analysis of Nigerian environmental protection legislation within the 2005 context, offering a foundation for comparative African legal scholarship and evidence‑informed policy discussion.
A Research Protocol for Evaluating the Anti-plasmodial and Hepatoprotective Effects of a Standardised *Azadirachta indica* Formulation in Patients with Uncomplicated Malaria in Côte d'Ivoire
Background: Malaria remains a significant public health burden in Côte d'Ivoire. Resistance to conventional antimalarial agents, noted in the early 2000s, necessitates the investigation of alternative therapies. Azadirachta indica (neem) is used traditionally for febrile illnesses, and in-vitro studies from 2004 indicate potential anti-plasmodial and hepatoprotective properties. However, clinical evidence from this period supporting its use in uncomplicated malaria is lacking. Purpose and objectives: This protocol describes a study to evaluate the anti-plasmodial and hepatoprotective effects of a standardised Azadirachta indica leaf extract formulation in patients with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Côte d'Ivoire. The primary objective is to assess the formulation's efficacy in clearing parasitaemia. Secondary objectives are to evaluate its effect on fever clearance time, hepatoprotective potential via liver enzyme profiles, and safety. Methodology: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial will be conducted. Eligible adult patients with confirmed uncomplicated malaria will be randomised to receive either the standardised neem formulation or a matched placebo orally for seven days. Clinical and parasitological parameters will be monitored daily until day 7, with a follow-up on day 14. Efficacy will be measured by parasite clearance time and proportion of patients with adequate clinical and parasitological response. Hepatoprotective effects will be assessed by measuring serum alanine and aspartate aminotransferase levels at baseline, day 3, and day 7. Findings: Findings from the completed trial will be presented in the subsequent full research article. Data will include comparative analysis of parasitological clearance rates, fever resolution, changes in liver function biomarkers, and recorded adverse events between the intervention and control groups. Conclusion: The conclusion will interpret the trial results in the context of existing evidence from 2004 and earlier, determining whether the standardised Azadirachta indica formulation demonstrates clinically significant anti-malarial and hepatoprotective activity. Recommendations: Based on the findings, recommendations will be made regarding the potential integration of this formulation into malaria management strategies in similar endemic settings. Further research directions will also be suggested. Key words: Azadirachta indica, neem, malaria, anti-plasmodial, hepatoprotective, clinical trial, Côte d'Ivoire. Contribution statement: This protocol provides a standardised methodological framework for a clinical investigation of a traditional medicinal plant,
Comparative Renal and Metabolic Outcomes of Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate and Tenofovir Alafenamide in Older South African Adults Living with HIV
This study addresses a current research gap in Medicine concerning The long-term renal and metabolic effects of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate versus tenofovir alafenamide in a cohort of older persons with HIV in South Africa in South Africa. The objective is to clarify key debates, identify practical implications, and outline a focused agenda for scholarship and policy. A structured review of relevant literature was conducted, with thematic synthesis of key findings. The analysis indicates persistent structural constraints alongside emerging local innovations; however, evidence remains uneven across contexts and sectors. The paper argues for context‑specific approaches and stronger empirical foundations in future research. Stakeholders should prioritise inclusive, locally grounded strategies and improve data transparency. The long-term renal and metabolic effects of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate versus tenofovir alafenamide in a cohort of older persons with HIV in South Africa, South Africa, Africa, Medicine, review article This structured abstract provides a standardised summary to support rapid screening, indexing, and assessment of scholarly contribution.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Methodology for Assessing Isotretinoin Adherence and Major Teratogenic Event Incidence in Adolescent Females in Algiers
This study addresses a current research gap in Medicine concerning Adherence to isotretinoin therapy and incidence of major teratogenic events in female adolescents of childbearing potential in Algiers, Algeria in Algeria. The objective is to clarify key debates, identify practical implications, and outline a focused agenda for scholarship and policy. A qualitative approach was used, drawing on recent literature and policy sources to frame the analysis. The analysis indicates persistent structural constraints alongside emerging local innovations; however, evidence remains uneven across contexts and sectors. The paper argues for context‑specific approaches and stronger empirical foundations in future research. Stakeholders should prioritise inclusive, locally grounded strategies and improve data transparency. Adherence to isotretinoin therapy and incidence of major teratogenic events in female adolescents of childbearing potential in Algiers, Algeria, Algeria, Africa, Medicine, methodology paper This structured abstract provides a standardised summary to support rapid screening, indexing, and assessment of scholarly contribution.
Copyright (c) 2019 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Extractive Industries and Local Resistance
Background: Environmental justice movements in resource-rich African nations represent a significant area of inquiry within African Studies. This study examines this phenomenon within Mali’s mining sector, focusing specifically on the year 2004. Purpose and objectives: The purpose was to analyse the relationship between extractive industries and local resistance in Mali during 2004. The objectives were to identify the key grievances driving resistance, assess the strategies employed by communities, and evaluate the alignment of these conflicts with core environmental justice principles. Methodology: A mixed-methods design was employed. Data were collected throughout 2004 via a structured survey of residents in three mining-affected communities and semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders, including community representatives, civil society actors, and local government officials. Findings: The findings reveal that local resistance in 2004 was primarily driven by grievances over land dispossession, water pollution, and the inequitable distribution of mining benefits. Resistance strategies ranged from formal petitions to public protests. The conflicts demonstrated clear dimensions of distributive and procedural injustice, where marginalised communities bore disproportionate environmental burdens while being excluded from decision-making processes. Conclusion: The study concludes that during 2004, conflicts around Mali’s mining sector were fundamentally environmental justice struggles. Community resistance highlighted a systemic failure to address the social and environmental externalities of extraction. Recommendations: Mining companies and government authorities should establish transparent, participatory mechanisms for community consultation and environmental monitoring. Future policy must formally recognise land and resource rights to address core grievances. Key words: Environmental justice, mining, resistance, Mali, extractive industries, Africa Contribution statement: This research provides an empirical analysis of environmental justice conflicts in Mali’s mining sector during a critical period, contributing a detailed case study to the literature on resource politics and social movements in Africa.