Informal Cross-Border Trade Dynamics within ECOWAS: A Comparative Study in Ghana

Informal cross-border trade (ICT) within Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) is a significant economic activity that contributes to regional integration and development in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in Ghana. The research employs an exploratory qualitative approach, utilising semi-structured interviews and document analysis to gather data from key informants in various sectors involved in cross-border trade. The study also utilizes secondary data on trade volumes and patterns. Our findings reveal that ICT in Ghana has a substantial impact on the country's GDP and employment rates, with an estimated 30% of all exports being traded through informal channels. The research underscores the importance of formalizing cross-border trade to enhance efficiency and reduce illicit activities, suggesting policy recommendations for strengthening regulatory frameworks. Policy makers should implement measures to integrate ICT into a formalized system, including border clearance reforms, enforcement of anti-corruption laws, and improving infrastructure connectivity.