Water Sanitation and Hygiene Interventions in Zambian Communities: A Three-Stage Study on Acceptability and Outcomes

Water sanitation and hygiene interventions are crucial for public health in Zambia, where access to clean water is limited. A longitudinal study design was employed, involving pre-, mid-, and post-intervention assessments to measure changes in water quality, household practices, and health outcomes. Significant improvements were observed in handwashing frequency (75% increase) after the intervention, with a 95% confidence interval for this change being [68%, 82%]. The interventions led to substantial increases in water quality and hygiene practices among Zambian communities, demonstrating sustained community acceptance over time. Future research should consider scaling up these interventions while monitoring long-term sustainability strategies. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.