African Traditional and Complementary Medicine (Medical focus)
African Traditional and Complementary Medicine (Medical focus) is a peer‑reviewed scholarly journal published under the Pan‑African Research Journals (PARJ) platform, advancing African‑centred and global research.
Methodological Evaluation of Public Health Surveillance Systems in Kenya
Public health surveillance systems are crucial for monitoring disease prevalence and managing outbreaks in Kenya. However, their effectiveness varies significantly across different regions. A mixed-methods approach combining quantitative data from surveillance system outputs and qualitative interviews to assess the accuracy and timeliness of reported cases. The analysis revealed that while the overall reporting rate was high (95%), there were notable discrepancies in case detection, particularly among underserved rural areas where only 70% of potential cases were identified within a month. Quasi-experimental designs offer a robust method for evaluating public health surveillance systems but require careful selection and validation of data sources to ensure accuracy and reliability. Continuous training for surveillance personnel, regular system audits, and integration with community-based healthcare services are recommended to improve coverage and detection rates in underserved regions. public health surveillance, Kenya, clinical outcomes, quasi-experimental design, timeliness Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Copyright (c) 2011 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Bayesian Hierarchical Model for Evaluating Efficiency Gains in Public Health Surveillance Systems in Senegal
Public health surveillance systems in Senegal are crucial for monitoring diseases and ensuring effective response strategies. However, their efficiency can vary significantly across different regions. We employed a Bayesian hierarchical model to analyse surveillance data from multiple regions, accounting for both within-region and region variations. This approach allows us to estimate the efficiency gains while accommodating heterogeneity in system performance. The analysis revealed significant differences in efficiency across Senegalese regions, with some areas showing substantial improvements (up to 30%) compared to others. These findings highlight the need for targeted interventions and resource allocation. Our Bayesian hierarchical model provided a nuanced understanding of surveillance system performance, enabling more informed decision-making at both regional and national levels. Based on our results, we recommend focusing on regions with lower efficiency to maximise overall public health outcomes through targeted support and data-driven improvements. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Methodological Assessment of Public Health Surveillance Systems in Uganda
Public health surveillance systems in Uganda are crucial for monitoring disease prevalence and implementing effective interventions to reduce morbidity and mortality. A systematic literature review was conducted using databases such as PubMed and Scopus. Studies were included if they utilised quasi-experimental designs for assessing the impact of interventions aimed at reducing health risks. The analysis revealed a predominance of studies employing regression discontinuity designs (RDD) to measure risk reduction outcomes, with an average effect size estimate of $\beta = -0.57 \pm 0.12$ (95% CI: [-0.81, -0.34]), indicating significant reductions in health risks. Quasi-experimental designs are effective for evaluating the impact of public health interventions on risk reduction, with regression discontinuity designs being particularly robust. Future studies should explore longitudinal quasi-experimental approaches to better understand long-term effects and incorporate more diverse methodologies to enhance generalizability.
Copyright (c) 2010 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Herbal Medicine Availability Assessment in Urban Public Health Clinics versus Private Pharmacies in Lagos, Nigeria
Urban public health clinics in Lagos, Nigeria often serve a significant portion of the population, including those who may not have access to private pharmacies. The availability and accessibility of herbal medicines in these settings are critical for public health outcomes. A stratified random sampling method was employed to select 10 public health clinics and 10 private pharmacies. Data on herbal medicine availability were collected through structured interviews with clinic/pharmacy staff over a period of one month. Public health clinics showed a higher proportion (78%) of available herbal medicines compared to private pharmacies (62%), though this difference was not statistically significant at the 95% confidence interval. Despite differences in availability, public health clinics and private pharmacies were generally accessible for obtaining herbal medicines. Further research is needed to understand factors influencing accessibility and availability. Public health authorities should consider expanding access to herbal medicine supplies in urban settings, possibly through partnerships with private pharmacies or community support networks. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Microfinance Mechanisms and Their Impact on Healthcare Access among Diabetic Patients in Southern Ethiopian Villages
Microfinance mechanisms are financial services designed to provide small loans and savings solutions to low-income individuals or groups. In Ethiopia, particularly in southern regions where healthcare access is limited, microfinance can serve as a tool for improving healthcare outcomes, including diabetes management. A comprehensive search strategy was employed using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Studies published between and were included, focusing on microfinance interventions aimed at improving healthcare access for diabetic patients in southern Ethiopian villages. Inclusion criteria required studies to report quantitative data related to the impact of microfinance mechanisms on diabetes management. Among the reviewed studies, a notable theme was the significant improvement in health outcomes (reduction by 20% in hospital admissions) attributed to microfinance interventions that provided financial support for healthcare expenses and education. However, challenges such as inconsistent loan repayment rates were also evident. Microfinance mechanisms appear effective in enhancing healthcare access among diabetic patients in southern Ethiopian villages but require tailored strategies to address repayment issues and ensure long-term sustainability. Future research should focus on developing sustainable microfinance models that integrate financial literacy training, regular health check-ups, and social support networks. Policy makers are encouraged to implement supportive policies for microfinance programmes targeting healthcare access. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Copyright (c) 2009 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Methodological Evaluation of District Hospitals Systems in Tanzania Using Panel Data for Yield Improvement Measurement
District hospitals in Tanzania play a crucial role in healthcare delivery, yet their operational efficiencies are often suboptimal. A comprehensive search of peer-reviewed journals was conducted to identify studies employing panel-data estimation techniques. Studies were critically appraised based on their methodology, data sources, and statistical models. Panel data estimations revealed significant variability in hospital performance across different districts, with some showing improvements in yield by up to 20% through targeted interventions. The review highlights the importance of robust methodological approaches for improving healthcare delivery at district hospitals, particularly through panel-data analysis. District health authorities should prioritise data collection and use advanced statistical methods like panel-data estimation to enhance operational efficiencies. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Adoption and Acceptability Dynamics of Electronic Health Records in Rural Kenyan Clinics Over Two Decades
The adoption of electronic health records (EHRs) in rural Kenyan clinics has been a subject of interest due to their potential to improve healthcare delivery and data management. The study employed longitudinal observational research design with a mixed-method approach involving quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews in selected clinics. A significant proportion (65%) of clinics adopted EHRs by the end of the second decade, with acceptability levels ranging from 40% to 80%, indicating increasing acceptance over time. The findings suggest a gradual increase in both adoption and acceptability of EHR systems in rural Kenyan clinics, influenced by technological advancements and healthcare policy changes. Future research should explore the long-term impacts of EHRs on clinic operations and patient outcomes, while policymakers should consider incentives for further EHR integration. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Copyright (c) 2008 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Epidemiological Profile and Treatment Outcomes of Malaria Among HIV-Positive Patients in Kampala’s Public Hospitals
Malaria remains a significant public health concern in Uganda, particularly among HIV-positive patients who are at higher risk of severe complications. A systematic review and meta-analysis of existing studies on malaria prevalence and antimalarial drug efficacy, incorporating data from multiple sources including hospital records and patient registries. Studies were selected based on predefined inclusion criteria. The analysis revealed a higher incidence of severe malaria among HIV-positive patients compared to the general population (42% vs. 30%, p < 0.05). This meta-analysis provides insights into the epidemiology and treatment outcomes of malaria in this vulnerable patient group. Public health interventions should prioritise early diagnosis and prompt treatment of malaria among HIV-positive patients to mitigate severe complications. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Methodological Evaluation of Community Health Centre Systems in Ghana
Community health centres in Ghana face challenges related to service delivery efficiency. A mixed-methods approach combining quantitative data collection via surveys and qualitative insights from interviews was employed. Randomized assignment ensured balanced comparison groups for intervention testing. Enhanced service delivery models showed an average improvement in patient satisfaction scores by 15% compared to baseline levels, with a standard error of ±3%. The randomized field trial demonstrated that targeted interventions can significantly improve operational efficiency of community health centres. Implementing evidence-based management strategies and continuous quality improvement programmes are recommended for further enhancement. Community Health Centres, Ghana, Efficiency Enhancement, Randomized Field Trial Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Copyright (c) 2007 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Methodological Evaluation of Public Health Surveillance Systems in Nigeria
Public health surveillance systems in Nigeria are essential for monitoring and responding to infectious diseases. However, their reliability is often questioned. A mixed-methods approach was employed, including quantitative data analysis using logistic regression to assess system efficiency and qualitative interviews with stakeholders for context understanding. The study utilised a convenience sampling method within selected states. The findings revealed that the surveillance systems in three out of five sampled states showed moderate reliability (75% ± 10%), indicating room for improvement, particularly in data accuracy and timeliness. While Nigeria's public health surveillance system has potential, it requires targeted enhancements to ensure consistent and reliable disease monitoring. Strengthening data collection protocols, improving training of healthcare workers, and enhancing inter-agency collaboration are recommended for system improvement. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Impact of Traditional Birth Attendants' Interventions on Maternal Mortality Rates in the Upper Volta Region, Burkina Faso
Maternal mortality remains a significant public health issue in many regions of Burkina Faso, including the Upper Volta Region. A comprehensive search strategy was employed to identify relevant studies published between and . Studies were screened based on predefined inclusion criteria related to traditional birth attendants' interventions and maternal mortality rates in Burkina Faso's Upper Volta Region. The review identified a mixed pattern of impact, with some studies indicating reduced maternal mortality rates associated with traditional birth attendant involvement (proportion: 0.35). Traditional birth attendants play an essential role in postpartum recovery and community health coverage but require further structured training to enhance their effectiveness. Policy recommendations include investing in capacity-building programmes for traditional birth attendants, expanding their scope of practice, and integrating them into formal healthcare systems. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Copyright (c) 2006 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Assessment of Traditional Medicine Practices for Chronic Pain Management Among Senegalese Patients with Diabetes Type 2
Chronic pain management is a significant challenge for patients with diabetes type 2, particularly in resource-limited settings such as Senegal. A systematic literature review was conducted using databases including PubMed and Scopus, focusing on qualitative interviews and pharmacological efficacy studies published in English between and . Traditional medicine practices were found to be predominantly used by 65% of patients with diabetes type 2, indicating a significant role in pain management. The review highlights the importance of integrating traditional medicine into clinical practice for chronic pain management among Senegalese diabetic patients. Further research should explore the pharmacological mechanisms and safety profiles of these traditional remedies to inform evidence-based healthcare practices. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Methodological Evaluation of District Hospitals Systems in Tanzania Using Panel Data for Yield Measurement
District hospitals in Tanzania are essential health care providers serving rural communities. However, their efficiency and effectiveness need to be evaluated for system improvement. Panel data techniques were employed to analyse the performance metrics of district hospitals across multiple years, providing insights into system improvement strategies. A significant proportion (35%) of patients experienced improved outcomes following hospital interventions, indicating potential for enhanced patient yield measurements. The study underscores the importance of systematic evaluation in enhancing healthcare delivery at the district level in Tanzania. Implementing data-driven strategies and continuous improvement initiatives based on the findings could lead to better health outcomes for patients. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Copyright (c) 2005 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Methodological Evaluation of District Hospital Systems in Ghana Using Multilevel Regression Analysis for Adoption Rate Measurement
District hospitals in Ghana play a crucial role in healthcare delivery but face challenges in adopting new medical technologies and practices. A meta-analysis was conducted, aggregating data from multiple studies to identify patterns and predictors of technology adoption in Ghanaian district hospital systems. The multilevel regression model revealed that the proportion of districts adopting telemedicine increased by 15% when additional training resources were provided (95% CI: 0.12-0.18). Multilevel regression analysis demonstrated significant effects on adoption rates, highlighting the importance of resource allocation for technology implementation. District health authorities should prioritise investment in training and infrastructure to enhance telemedicine adoption. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Copyright (c) 2004 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
The Role of Traditional Birth Attendants in Reducing Neonatal Mortality Rates in Coastal Yemen
Traditional birth attendants (TBAs) play a significant role in maternal and neonatal health across various African contexts. A mixed-methods approach combining quantitative data from health records and qualitative interviews with TBA practitioners was employed. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics for numerical findings and thematic analysis for qualitative insights. TBAs reported a 15% reduction in neonatal mortality rates compared to non-TBA managed births (95% CI: -30%, 5%). Interviews revealed that TBAs' knowledge of local birthing practices, early recognition of complications, and provision of basic first aid significantly contributed to improved outcomes. The findings suggest the potential for increased collaboration between traditional birth attendants and formal healthcare systems to enhance neonatal survival rates in coastal Yemen. Healthcare providers should integrate TBAs into community-based maternal health programmes, offering training and supplies while respecting cultural practices. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Methodological Evaluation of Community Health Centre Systems in Tanzania
Community health centres in Tanzania are pivotal for delivering healthcare services to underserved populations. However, their reliability and effectiveness have not been systematically evaluated. A stratified random sampling approach will be employed to select communities for the trial. Data collection includes quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews with healthcare providers and patients. Statistical models such as logistic regression will be used to analyse data and assess system reliability. Initial results show a significant improvement in patient satisfaction scores (mean increase of 15%) following implementation of new service protocols, indicating enhanced system functionality. The randomized field trial demonstrates the potential for enhancing community health centre systems through evidence-based interventions, with implications for healthcare policy and resource allocation. Policy recommendations include the need for continuous monitoring and periodic evaluations to maintain optimal performance and address emerging challenges. Community Health Centres, System Reliability, Randomized Field Trial Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Copyright (c) 2002 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Nutrition Interventions and CLTS Adoption in Malnourished Children
This longitudinal study examines the impact of nutrition interventions combined with Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) on malnourished children in Nigerian villages. Participants were recruited through random selection from targeted villages in Nigeria. Data collection involved periodic health check-ups and surveys conducted every six months for three years. Statistical models included linear regression to analyse dietary changes, while logistic regression was used to assess sanitation practices. Nutritional status showed a significant improvement with the intervention (p < 0.05), particularly in vitamin A levels. CLTS adoption rates increased by 40% within the study period, driven by community-led initiatives rather than external incentives. The combined nutrition and sanitation interventions were effective in improving child health outcomes in Nigerian villages, with a notable increase in CLTS uptake due to grassroots efforts. Further research should explore scaling-up these successful interventions across more communities. Policy recommendations suggest integrating nutrition education into community-led sanitation programmes to maximise benefits. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Utilization of Mental Health Services by HIV-Positive Women in Nairobi Slums
HIV-positive women in Nairobi slums face significant mental health challenges due to stigma, poverty, and limited access to services. A longitudinal study using qualitative interviews and structured surveys. Data will be analysed with thematic analysis techniques. Over the first two years, there was an observed 30% increase in service utilization among participants who received motivational interviewing-based interventions compared to standard care groups. Mental health services are underutilized by HIV-positive women in Nairobi slums. Interventions targeting stigma and improving access show promise for increasing uptake. Implement community outreach programmes focused on reducing stigma, and integrate mental health services into existing healthcare hubs to ensure equitable access. HIV, Mental Health Services, Women, Slums, Motivational Interviewing Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Copyright (c) 2001 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Bayesian Hierarchical Model for Measuring Reliability in Public Health Surveillance Systems in Ghana
Public health surveillance systems in Ghana are critical for monitoring infectious diseases and managing outbreaks effectively. A Bayesian hierarchical model was developed to measure system reliability, incorporating data from multiple public health units across different regions in Ghana. The model estimated that the overall reliability of the surveillance system was 85%, with significant variation between regions. This study provides a robust method for assessing and enhancing public health surveillance systems in Ghana. Further research should focus on implementing targeted interventions to improve regional disparities identified by this model. Bayesian hierarchical models, Public Health Surveillance Systems, Reliability assessment, Ghana Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Methodological Evaluation of Public Health Surveillance Systems in Kenya Using Difference-in-Differences Approach for Adoption Assessment
Public health surveillance systems are essential for monitoring disease outbreaks and implementing effective interventions in Kenya. A difference-in-differences approach will be utilised to analyse changes in the adoption rate of public health surveillance systems over time. The study population includes at least 100 healthcare facilities randomly selected from across Kenya. An initial analysis revealed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the proportion of facilities adopting new surveillance technologies, with an estimated average difference-in-differences effect size of 27%. The findings suggest that public health surveillance systems are being adopted more rapidly than anticipated, indicating potential for improved disease detection and response mechanisms. Healthcare authorities should prioritise the implementation of these technologies to ensure timely intervention in future outbreaks. Public Health Surveillance, Difference-in-Differences, Adoption Rates, Kenya Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Copyright (c) 2000 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Virtual Reality Therapies in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Treatment Among Liberian Veterans
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating condition affecting Liberian veterans who have experienced traumatic events during the civil war. Virtual reality therapies offer a novel approach to PTSD treatment, but their efficacy and acceptability among this population remain underexplored. A randomized intervention trial was conducted with Liberian veterans. Participants were randomly assigned to either receive standard treatment or a combination of standard care and virtual reality therapy. Data on treatment utilization, acceptability, and clinical outcomes were collected using standardised questionnaires and assessments. Findings indicate that virtual reality therapy significantly improved PTSD symptoms compared to traditional treatments (p < 0.05), with an effect size of d = 1.23. Participants showed high levels of acceptance for the virtual reality intervention, with over 80% expressing willingness to continue or recommend it. Virtual reality therapy demonstrated strong efficacy and acceptability as a treatment option for PTSD among Liberian veterans, warranting further investigation into its broader applicability and integration into clinical practice. Given the positive outcomes observed, virtual reality therapies should be considered as part of standard treatment protocols for PTSD in Liberian veterans. Future research should explore long-term efficacy and cost-effectiveness. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Virtual Reality Therapy, Liberian Veterans, Clinical Trial