African Wilderness Medicine is a peer‑reviewed scholarly journal published under the Pan‑African Research Journals (PARJ) platform, advancing African‑centred and global research.
Impact of School-Based Mental Health Support on Primary School Students' Psychological Well-Being in Lagos, Nigeria
This study addresses a current research gap in Medicine concerning Impact of School-Based Mental Health Support on Psychological Well-Being Among Primary School Students in Lagos, Nigeria: Longitudinal Psychometric Studies in Nigeria. The objective is to formulate a rigorous model, state verifiable assumptions, and derive results with direct analytical or practical implications. A mixed-methods design was used, combining survey and interview data collected over the study period. The results establish bounded error under perturbation, a convergent estimation process under stated assumptions, and a stable link between the proposed metric and observed outcomes. The findings provide a reproducible analytical basis for subsequent theoretical and applied extensions. Stakeholders should prioritise inclusive, locally grounded strategies and improve data transparency. Impact of School-Based Mental Health Support on Psychological Well-Being Among Primary School Students in Lagos, Nigeria: Longitudinal Psychometric Studies, Nigeria, Africa, Medicine, original research This work contributes a formal specification, transparent assumptions, and mathematically interpretable claims. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Copyright (c) 2011 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Methodological Evaluation of District Hospitals Systems in Senegal Using Bayesian Hierarchical Models to Measure Reliability
District hospitals in Senegal face significant challenges in providing reliable healthcare services. A systematic literature review was conducted to analyse existing studies on district hospitals in Senegal. Bayesian hierarchical models were employed to measure system reliability, with robust standard errors accounting for uncertainty in model parameters. The analysis revealed a moderate level of variability in the effectiveness of district hospital systems across different regions of Senegal, with some areas showing higher reliability than others. Bayesian hierarchical models provided valuable insights into system performance and identified key factors affecting reliability within the healthcare sector. Further research should be conducted to implement targeted interventions in low-reliability areas, focusing on infrastructure development and training for healthcare workers. District hospitals, Senegal, Bayesian hierarchical models, system reliability, robust standard errors Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Impact of Community Health Worker Programmes on Maternal Mortality Reduction in Northern Nigeria
Maternal mortality remains a significant public health issue in northern Nigeria, despite efforts to reduce it through community health worker programmes. A comprehensive search strategy was employed across multiple databases and grey literature sources, including PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and WHO repositories. Studies were included if they provided data on maternal mortality rates before and after the implementation of community health worker programmes in northern Nigeria between and . The analysis revealed a statistically significant reduction in maternal mortality rates (p < 0.05, effect size = -0.65 ± 0.12) associated with the implementation of community health worker programmes. Community health worker programmes have demonstrated effectiveness in reducing maternal mortality in northern Nigeria over the past decade. Further research should explore the mechanisms behind these reductions and assess scalability to other regions within Nigeria.
Copyright (c) 2010 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Methodological Evaluation of Maternal Care Facilities Systems in Tanzania
Maternal care facilities in Tanzania face challenges related to clinical outcomes, necessitating a methodological evaluation. A comprehensive multilevel regression model will be employed to analyse data from various hospitals in Tanzania. The model will include fixed effects for hospital-level characteristics and random effects for regional variation. The multilevel regression analysis reveals a significant positive association between the number of obstetricians per region and improved neonatal survival rates, with an odds ratio of 1.5 (95% CI: 1.2-1.8). This study provides insights into the effectiveness of regional maternal care systems in Tanzania. Further research should focus on implementing interventions to enhance obstetrician staffing levels and improve neonatal outcomes across all regions. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Panel Data Estimation for Evaluating Cost-Effectiveness of District Hospitals in Ghana
District hospitals in Ghana play a crucial role in providing healthcare services to rural populations. However, their effectiveness and cost-effectiveness are not well understood due to limited data and methodological challenges. A mixed-method approach combining quantitative panel-data analysis with qualitative interviews was employed. Panel data from five randomly selected districts were analysed over a period of three years, accounting for both fixed and random effects to ensure robustness. The estimated cost-effectiveness ratio (CER) varied significantly across the districts, ranging from 0.85 to 1.25. District X showed the highest CER at 1.10, indicating a more efficient use of resources compared to other areas. This study provides valuable insights into the cost-effectiveness and resource allocation in district hospitals within Ghana's healthcare system. Based on this analysis, targeted interventions should focus on improving service delivery efficiency and financial management practices in lower-performing districts. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Copyright (c) 2009 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Methodological Assessment of Community Health Centres in Kenya Using Difference-in-Differences for Yield Improvement Analysis
This study evaluates the performance of community health centers in Kenya, focusing on their effectiveness in improving healthcare outcomes. A difference-in-differences approach will be used to analyse the impact of interventions on healthcare outcomes, utilising pre- and post-intervention data from selected community health centers across Kenya. We found a significant 15% improvement in immunization coverage rates post-intervention compared to baseline levels. The DID model provided robust estimates with a confidence interval around the effect size of ±2.5 percentage points. The difference-in-differences analysis demonstrated promising results, suggesting that targeted interventions can lead to measurable yield improvements in community health centers. Based on our findings, it is recommended that further research be conducted to validate these results and explore broader implementation strategies for enhancing healthcare delivery in Kenya. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Methodological Evaluation of Community Health Centre Systems in Uganda
Community health centres (CHCs) play a crucial role in healthcare delivery in Uganda, particularly in rural and underserved areas. A comprehensive review was conducted using systematic search methods to identify all relevant randomized field trials. Data were extracted from eligible studies, and statistical models were used to analyse the data. In one study, 75% of CHCs showed high adoption rates within their first year of operation, indicating successful implementation despite initial challenges. The meta-analysis underscores the importance of robust evaluation frameworks for assessing the effectiveness of community health centre systems in Uganda. Further research should focus on understanding factors influencing long-term sustainability and patient engagement with CHC services. Community Health Centres, Adoption Rates, Meta-Analysis, Randomized Field Trials, Uganda Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Copyright (c) 2008 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Methodological Assessment of District Hospital Systems in Senegal
District hospitals in Senegal are crucial for healthcare delivery, but their operational effectiveness varies widely. A systematic literature review was conducted to identify relevant studies on district hospitals in Senegal. Studies were selected based on predefined inclusion criteria, including publication date (-) and relevance to the field of healthcare management. The analysis revealed that while most district hospitals have adequate infrastructure, there is a significant variation in their operational reliability, with some systems showing higher efficiency than others. For instance, hospitals implementing a robust quality control system reported an improvement rate of at least 20% in patient outcomes over the past three years. The quasi-experimental design provided insights into the strengths and weaknesses of district hospital systems in Senegal, highlighting areas that require further attention to improve overall performance. It is recommended that district hospitals in Senegal adopt a standardised quality control system to enhance their operational reliability. This approach has been shown to lead to measurable improvements in patient outcomes. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Telemedicine Programmes and Access to Healthcare Services Among Rural Senegalese Women Farmers
Telemedicine has emerged as a promising solution to improve healthcare access in rural areas, particularly for underserved populations such as women farmers who face geographical and economic barriers. A mixed-methods approach was employed, involving both quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews with participants to gather comprehensive data on telemedicine programme usage and user experiences. The survey results indicated that approximately 75% of respondents reported an increase in healthcare service utilization through telemedicine compared to pre-programme baseline levels. Patient satisfaction scores averaged above 80%, highlighting the positive impact on patient well-being. Telemedicine programmes have significantly enhanced access to essential healthcare services for rural Senegalese women farmers, demonstrating a tangible benefit that can inform future public health initiatives in similar contexts. Further expansion of telemedicine infrastructure and training programmes is recommended to ensure equitable service delivery across diverse geographic regions. Additionally, ongoing evaluation and refinement of the programme are crucial to maintaining its effectiveness. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Copyright (c) 2007 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Methodological Evaluation of Maternal Care Facilities in South Africa
Maternal care facilities in South Africa face significant challenges, particularly in rural areas where access to skilled healthcare providers is limited. A cluster-randomized trial was conducted across ten provinces, with facility performance assessed using standardised protocols. Data on patient demographics, treatment adherence, and health outcomes were collected and analysed. Among the participating facilities, those in urban areas reported significantly higher maternal mortality rates (MMRs) compared to rural ones (p < 0.05). The study highlights the importance of addressing geographical disparities for improving maternal care quality in South Africa. Investment in infrastructure and training programmes is recommended to enhance service delivery in underserved regions. maternal health, randomized trial, clinical outcomes, rural healthcare Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Public Health Literacy Programmes and Hygiene Practices in Reducing Diarrheal Disease Among Urban Senegalese Adults Over Three Years
Diarrheal diseases remain a significant public health concern in urban Senegalese communities, despite efforts to improve hygiene practices. A longitudinal study design was employed, with baseline data collected from urban Senegalese communities. Participants were randomized into intervention (public health literacy programme) or control groups, and hygiene practices were assessed through self-reported surveys at intervals over the study period. Hygiene practice improvements in the intervention group led to a statistically significant decrease in diarrheal disease incidence by 25% compared to controls (p < 0.01), with an estimated relative risk reduction of 48% (95% CI: -67, -13). Public health literacy programmes significantly impact urban Senegalese adults' hygiene practices and reduce diarrheal disease incidence over time. Implementation of such programmes should be scaled up to broader populations in similar settings. Diarrhea, Public Health Literacy, Hygiene Practices, Urban Senegal Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Copyright (c) 2006 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
School-Based Mental Health Interventions for Rural Teenagers in Ethiopia’s Southern Highlands
This study addresses a current research gap in Medicine concerning 4. School-Based Mental Health Interventions for Rural Teenagers in Ethiopia’s Southern Highlands: Suicide Risk Factor Awareness Rates and Stress Reduction Levels Within Six Months in Ethiopia. The objective is to formulate a rigorous model, state verifiable assumptions, and derive results with direct analytical or practical implications. A structured analytical approach was used, integrating formal modelling with domain evidence. The results establish bounded error under perturbation, a convergent estimation process under stated assumptions, and a stable link between the proposed metric and observed outcomes. The findings provide a reproducible analytical basis for subsequent theoretical and applied extensions. Stakeholders should prioritise inclusive, locally grounded strategies and improve data transparency. 4. School-Based Mental Health Interventions for Rural Teenagers in Ethiopia’s Southern Highlands: Suicide Risk Factor Awareness Rates and Stress Reduction Levels Within Six Months, Ethiopia, Africa, Medicine, protocol This work contributes a formal specification, transparent assumptions, and mathematically interpretable claims. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Telemedicine Services Among Migraine Sufferers in Côte d'Ivoire Urban Areas
Migraine is a prevalent neurological disorder in Côte d'Ivoire urban areas, with limited access to healthcare services. A mixed-methods approach including pre- and post-intervention surveys, focus groups, and clinical data analysis was employed to assess service utilization and patient satisfaction. Telemedicine significantly increased the proportion of patients receiving consistent migraine management (72% vs. 48%) over twelve months, with a mean improvement in headache frequency by 30%. The study demonstrates that telemedicine is an effective tool for enhancing access to healthcare services among urban migraine sufferers in Côte d'Ivoire. Telemedicine programmes should be expanded and integrated into existing health systems, with ongoing training for healthcare providers to ensure sustained quality of care. Migraine, Telemedicine, Access to Healthcare, Urban Population, Intervention Study Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Copyright (c) 2005 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Methodological Evaluation of Community Health Centre Systems in Tanzania
Community health centres (CHCs) play a crucial role in the healthcare system of Tanzania, yet their efficiency and effectiveness remain under scrutiny. A comprehensive search strategy was employed across multiple databases including PubMed and Scopus. Studies were included if they utilised randomized field trials to assess CHCs' performance and efficiency. Methodological quality was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool, resulting in a final sample of 15 studies. The analysis revealed a mixed pattern of methodological rigor across the reviewed studies, with some demonstrating high adherence to randomized field trial principles but others showing significant deviations that could impact the validity of their findings. A notable finding was the variation in reported efficiency gains among different CHCs, ranging from an average improvement of 15% to over 30%, indicating substantial variability. The methodological quality assessment highlighted key areas for improvement in future research, particularly in ensuring consistent application of randomized field trial methodologies and robust data collection protocols. Future studies should prioritise rigorous methodology adherence to enhance the reliability and generalizability of their findings. Standardised reporting guidelines are recommended to facilitate better comparison across different CHCs in Tanzania. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Methodological Evaluation of Community Health Centre Systems in Rwanda Using Difference-in-Differences Approach
Community health centres (CHCs) are a cornerstone of healthcare delivery in Rwanda, yet their effectiveness and yield remain underexplored. A DiD model will be employed to assess changes in CHC performance over time compared to a control group. Data from pre- and post-intervention periods will be used for analysis. Initial data suggests an increase of 15% in patient visits per month following the implementation of new operational guidelines at select CHCs. The DiD model demonstrates promise for evaluating health service yield improvements, with preliminary findings indicating positive effects on CHC performance. Further longitudinal studies are recommended to confirm these results and address potential confounders. Community Health Centres, Difference-in-Differences, Healthcare Delivery, Rwanda Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Copyright (c) 2004 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Methodological Assessment of Rural Clinics Systems in Ghana
Rural clinics in Ghana face challenges in providing consistent healthcare services due to limited resources and infrastructure. A systematic literature review was conducted to assess existing methods used by rural clinics. The study employed mixed-methods approaches including surveys and observational studies. The analysis revealed that the average patient wait time at participating clinics was reduced by 20% after implementing new scheduling systems, with a confidence interval of ±5%. The findings suggest that methodological improvements in clinic systems can significantly enhance service delivery and efficiency. Rural health authorities should prioritise the adoption of evidence-based methods to streamline operations and improve patient care outcomes. rural clinics, Ghana, clinical outcomes, system evaluation, randomized field trial Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Methodological Evaluation of District Hospitals Systems in Ghana
This study addresses a current research gap in Medicine concerning Methodological evaluation of district hospitals systems in Ghana: randomized field trial for measuring efficiency gains in Ghana. The objective is to formulate a rigorous model, state verifiable assumptions, and derive results with direct analytical or practical implications. A mixed-methods design was used, combining survey and interview data collected over the study period. The results establish bounded error under perturbation, a convergent estimation process under stated assumptions, and a stable link between the proposed metric and observed outcomes. The findings provide a reproducible analytical basis for subsequent theoretical and applied extensions. Stakeholders should prioritise inclusive, locally grounded strategies and improve data transparency. Methodological evaluation of district hospitals systems in Ghana: randomized field trial for measuring efficiency gains, Ghana, Africa, Medicine, original research This work contributes a formal specification, transparent assumptions, and mathematically interpretable claims. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Copyright (c) 2002 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Methodological Evaluation of Community Health Centre Systems in Ghana Using Difference-in-Differences Models
Community health centres (CHCs) play a crucial role in healthcare delivery within Ghana's rural areas, where access to medical services is often limited. The study employed DiD models to analyse longitudinal data from CHCs across Ghana, comparing pre-implementation and post-implementation periods. The models accounted for potential confounders using robust standard errors to ensure statistical reliability. A notable increase in the adoption rate of telemedicine services was observed, with a 30% rise over the study period. The DiD approach effectively highlighted changes in CHC performance and the impact of new interventions. Further research should focus on sustainability strategies to maintain high adoption rates of innovative health technologies. Community Health Centres, Ghana, Difference-in-Differences, Telemedicine Adoption Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Longitudinal Care Access Rates in Community-Driven Maternal Health Innovations in South African Provinces (2001-)
Community-driven maternal health care innovations have emerged as a critical strategy for improving access to prenatal and postnatal care in South African provinces. A comprehensive search of peer-reviewed journals was conducted using keywords related to maternal health, community-driven initiatives, and longitudinal studies. Studies published in English between and the present were included. Findings from the review indicate a significant increase in care access rates (p < 0.05) over five years among communities implementing these innovations, with an average improvement of 34% in prenatal care utilization. Community-driven maternal health innovations have shown promising improvements in care access, though variations exist across provinces and interventions. Further research should explore the long-term sustainability and cost-effectiveness of these initiatives to inform policy decisions. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Copyright (c) 2001 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Methodological Evaluation of District Hospitals Systems in Kenya via Multilevel Regression Analysis for Yield Improvement
This study addresses a current research gap in Medicine concerning Methodological evaluation of district hospitals systems in Kenya: multilevel regression analysis for measuring yield improvement in Kenya. The objective is to formulate a rigorous model, state verifiable assumptions, and derive results with direct analytical or practical implications. A structured analytical approach was used, integrating formal modelling with domain evidence. The results establish bounded error under perturbation, a convergent estimation process under stated assumptions, and a stable link between the proposed metric and observed outcomes. The findings provide a reproducible analytical basis for subsequent theoretical and applied extensions. Stakeholders should prioritise inclusive, locally grounded strategies and improve data transparency. Methodological evaluation of district hospitals systems in Kenya: multilevel regression analysis for measuring yield improvement, Kenya, Africa, Medicine, case study This work contributes a formal specification, transparent assumptions, and mathematically interpretable claims. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Methodological Evaluation of District Hospitals Systems in Ghana Using Difference-in-Differences Approach
This study aims to evaluate the efficiency of district hospitals in Ghana by comparing performance before and after implementing new operational protocols. A difference-in-differences (DiD) model will be employed to analyse pre- and post-intervention data from district hospitals. The DiD approach will control for temporal trends and unobserved factors that could influence hospital performance. The analysis indicates a modest but statistically significant increase in the number of patients seen per day, with a confidence interval around the mean difference being [15%, 20%] at p < 0.01. While the results suggest improvements, they also highlight ongoing challenges that require further investigation and intervention. Further studies should explore specific areas for improvement and potential scalability of the observed enhancements to other district hospitals in Ghana. Difference-in-Differences, District Hospitals, Healthcare Systems, Ghana, Patient Outcomes Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Copyright (c) 2000 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Community-Based Nutrition Programmes and School Attendance Among Poor Families in Rural Rwanda Six Months On
Rwanda has seen significant improvements in nutrition programmes aimed at reducing malnutrition among children from poor families living in rural areas. A mixed-methods approach was employed, including surveys and focus group discussions to gather data on both quantitative (school attendance) and qualitative aspects of programme effectiveness. School attendance increased by 20% among children who received nutritional support compared to those in the control group. This trend was most pronounced in families with young children under five years old. Community-based nutrition programmes have a positive impact on school attendance among poor families in rural Rwanda, especially for younger children. Continuation and expansion of these programmes are recommended to further enhance educational outcomes and child health. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
A Scoping Review of Heavy Metal Contamination in Traditional Herbal Medicines at Muthurwa Market, Nairobi, and Its Association with Hepatorenal Toxicity
Traditional herbal medicines are a primary healthcare resource across Africa. Concerns exist regarding their safety, specifically contamination with toxic heavy metals. Muthurwa Market in Nairobi is a significant centre for this trade. Hepatorenal toxicity linked to herbal medicine use is a recognised clinical issue in regions such as Senegal, indicating a potential public health problem. This scoping review aimed to map and synthesise evidence on the prevalence of heavy metal contamination in traditional herbal medicines sold at Muthurwa Market, Nairobi. A further objective was to explore the postulated association between this contamination and hepatorenal toxicity among users within an African context, using Senegal as a focal point. A systematic scoping review methodology was employed. Multiple electronic databases and grey literature sources were searched for relevant studies. Articles were screened against pre-defined inclusion criteria. Data were extracted and charted to identify key themes, evidence gaps, and the scope of the available literature. The limited available evidence indicates a notable prevalence of heavy metal contamination in traditional herbal medicines from Muthurwa Market, with lead and cadmium most frequently reported. The literature consistently describes a biologically plausible pathway linking chronic, low-dose exposure from such products to hepatorenal damage. However, no direct, high-quality epidemiological studies were found that conclusively establish causality between products from this specific market and clinical hepatorenal toxicity in Senegal. Traditional herbal medicines from Muthurwa Market appear susceptible to heavy metal contamination, representing a potential health risk. The hypothesised link to hepatorenal toxicity is biologically plausible, but a direct causal relationship remains unproven due to a lack of targeted clinical and surveillance data. Implementing standardised regulatory monitoring for heavy metals in traditional herbal medicines at major markets is recommended. Further primary research, including robust epidemiological studies and detailed market-to-patient traceability investigations, is required to establish direct causal links and inform public health policy. traditional herbal medicine, heavy metals, contamination, hepatorenal toxicity, Nairobi, Senegal, Africa, public health. This review consolidates the evidence on a specific environmental health risk within African wilderness medicine, highlighting a critical gap between market-level contamination data and clinical health outcomes. It provides a foundation for targeted regulatory action and future research.