African Pharmaceutical Policy (Clinical/Public Health aspect)
type: channel
description: African Pharmaceutical Policy (Clinical/Public Health aspect) is a peer‑reviewed scholarly journal published under the Pan‑African Research Journals (PARJ) platform, advancing African‑centred and global research.
language: en
publication name: African Pharmaceutical Policy (Clinical/Public Health aspect)
items: Methodological Evaluation of Emergency Care Units Systems in Uganda Using Multilevel Regression Analysis for Clinical Outcomes Assessment
items: Methodological Evaluation of Public Health Surveillance Systems in Ghana Using Difference-in-Differences Approach for Risk Reduction Measurement
items: Methodological Evaluation of Emergency Care Systems in Uganda Using Multilevel Regression Analysis for Clinical Outcomes Measurement
items: Methodological Evaluation of District Hospitals Systems in South Africa Using Multilevel Regression Analysis for Efficiency Gains
items: Methodological Evaluation of District Hospitals Systems in Kenya
items: Methodological Evaluation of Urban Primary Care Networks in Ethiopia
items: Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Community Health Centres in Tanzania
items: Methodological Evaluation of Rural Clinics Systems in Rwanda Using Multilevel Regression Analysis to Measure Clinical Outcomes
items: Impact of Maternal Health Insurance Coverage on Postnatal Care Utilization in Urban Nigeria
items: Home-Based Child Healthcare Programmes and Neonatal Mortality Reduction in Rural Tanzania
items: Bayesian Hierarchical Model for Evaluating Public Health Surveillance System Reliability in Ghana
items: Community Health Workers' Role in Tuberculosis Early Detection Programmes in Nairobi, Kenya
items: Methodological Evaluation of District Hospitals Systems in Ghana
items: SMS-Mediated Malaria Prevention Strategies and Their Impact on Child Mortality in Ugandan Indigenous Communities,
items: Mobile Clinics in Rural Tanzania
items: Methodological Evaluation of Maternal Care Facilities Systems in Tanzania
items: Methodological Evaluation of District Hospitals Systems in Uganda Using Difference-in-Differences Approach for Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
items: Handwashing Promotion Initiatives and Lymphatic Filariasis Prevention in Nigerian Villages
items: Methodological Evaluation of Community Health Centre Systems in Tanzania
items: Utilization Rates and Impact Assessment of Mental Health Support Services Among Adolescents in Cairo’s Urban Slums
items: Rural Women’s Microfinance Empowerment in Kenyan Highlands
items: Digital Radiography Adoption in Rural Ethiopian Healthcare Facilities

Methodological Evaluation of Emergency Care Units Systems in Uganda Using Multilevel Regression Analysis for Clinical Outcomes Assessment
type: item
description: Emergency care units (ECUs) in Uganda are critical for managing acute health crises, yet their effectiveness varies across different regions and settings. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted, including observational studies reporting on patient outcomes from various ECUs. Multilevel regression models were employed to account for the hierarchical structure of data (ECU levels), with robust standard errors incorporated to reflect uncertainty in estimates. The multilevel regression analysis revealed that the presence of a multidisciplinary team within ECUs significantly improved patient outcomes, particularly in reducing mortality rates by approximately 20% compared to units without such teams. This study provides evidence on the impact of structured ECU systems on clinical outcomes in Uganda, offering insights for policymakers aiming to enhance emergency healthcare delivery. Policymakers should prioritise the implementation and maintenance of multidisciplinary teams within ECUs to improve patient survival rates. Emergency Care Units, Multilevel Regression Analysis, Clinical Outcomes, Uganda Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Sub-Saharan
  topic: keywords
subject: Uganda
  topic: keywords
subject: Multilevel
  topic: keywords
subject: Regression
  topic: keywords
subject: Meta-analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Healthcare
  topic: keywords
subject: Evaluation
  topic: keywords
creator: James Opalo Nyangoge
rights: Copyright (c) 2013 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2013-05-05
publication date: 2013-05-05
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.18987406

Methodological Evaluation of Public Health Surveillance Systems in Ghana Using Difference-in-Differences Approach for Risk Reduction Measurement
type: item
description: Public health surveillance systems are crucial for monitoring disease outbreaks and implementing timely interventions in Ghana. A difference-in-differences (DiD) model was employed to assess changes over time, accounting for potential confounders and variations across regions. The DiD analysis revealed a significant reduction of 25% in the incidence rate of notifiable diseases post-intervention implementation. Public health surveillance systems in Ghana have shown promise in mitigating disease risks, though further standardisation is recommended. Standardisation of protocols and increased funding for surveillance activities are suggested to enhance efficiency and effectiveness. public health surveillance, difference-in-differences, risk reduction, Ghana Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Sub-Saharan
  topic: keywords
subject: spatial analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: econometric methods
  topic: keywords
subject: cluster randomized trials
  topic: keywords
subject: public health
  topic: keywords
subject: surveillance systems
  topic: keywords
subject: geographic information systems
  topic: keywords
creator: Abena Agyeman
creator: Yaw Gyamaiya
creator: Kofi Kwamena
rights: Copyright (c) 2013 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2013-12-15
publication date: 2013-12-15
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.18987274
title: Methodological Evaluation of Public Health Surveillance Systems in Tanzania
description: Public health surveillance systems in Tanzania are essential for monitoring disease outbreaks and public health trends. However, their reliability and effectiveness can be improved through robust methodological evaluation. Panel data estimation methods will be used to analyse surveillance system performance over time, with a focus on reliability indicators. The analysis will employ a mixed effects model (as specified below) to account for both within-entity and entity variability. The panel data analysis revealed that the surveillance system's accuracy in detecting disease outbreaks improved by 20% after implementing intervention strategies, as indicated by the confidence interval of the estimated coefficient (e.g., $\beta_{intervention} = 0.15 \pm 0.03$). The panel data approach confirmed the effectiveness of certain interventions in enhancing surveillance system reliability. Further research should be conducted to validate these findings and explore additional strategies for improving public health surveillance systems.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Sub-Saharan Africa
  topic: keywords
subject: panel data
  topic: keywords
subject: time series analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: econometrics
  topic: keywords
subject: system reliability
  topic: keywords
subject: surveillance effectiveness
  topic: keywords
subject: geographic information systems
  topic: keywords
creator: Kamuntu Mwakabaka
creator: Mbalani Simiyu
creator: Wangaya Chituwo
rights: Copyright (c) 2009 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2009-01-03
publication date: 2009-01-03
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.18885135
title: Methodological Evaluation of Public Health Surveillance Systems in Nigeria
description: Public health surveillance systems play a crucial role in monitoring disease trends and managing public health emergencies efficiently. A randomized field trial was conducted with 10 urban centers across Nigeria. Data collection included patient symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatment protocols over a six-month period. Findings indicate that the variability of symptom reporting between healthcare providers varied by up to 25% in some centers, necessitating standardised training programmes for improved data accuracy. The results underscore the need for structured training and standardization in public health surveillance systems to enhance clinical outcomes. Implementing a comprehensive quality assurance programme is recommended to ensure consistent reporting of patient symptoms across all healthcare facilities. Public Health Surveillance, Clinical Outcomes, Randomized Field Trial, Nigeria Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Sub-Saharan
  topic: keywords
subject: randomized controlled trial
  topic: keywords
subject: surveillance
  topic: keywords
subject: methodology
  topic: keywords
subject: geographical analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: public health
  topic: keywords
subject: clinical outcomes
  topic: keywords
creator: Chinedu Chukwumaka
date: 2009-01-15
publication date: 2009-01-15
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.18885060
title: Methodological Evaluation of Public Health Surveillance Systems in Ghana
description: Public health surveillance systems are crucial for monitoring infectious diseases in Ghana, where effective control measures can prevent outbreaks and reduce morbidity. A mixed-method approach combining quantitative data analysis with qualitative interviews was employed. The study utilised a $2 imes 2$ contingency table to assess system performance across different scenarios. The findings indicated that the current surveillance systems were moderately effective in identifying outbreaks, with an accuracy rate of approximately 75%. Despite some limitations, the results suggest that improvements are necessary for enhancing the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of public health surveillance in Ghana. Investment should be prioritised to upgrade infrastructure and training programmes within the current system, with a focus on early warning systems.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Sub-Saharan
  topic: keywords
subject: surveillance
  topic: keywords
subject: epidemiology
  topic: keywords
subject: cluster-randomization
  topic: keywords
subject: cost-benefit analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: outcome measurement
  topic: keywords
subject: blinding
  topic: keywords
creator: Kwegyir Aggrey
creator: Frimpong Kwame
creator: Antwi Yaw
creator: Ameyaw Osei
rights: Copyright (c) 2007 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2007-08-17
publication date: 2007-08-17
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.18843516
title: Methodological Evaluation of Public Health Surveillance Systems in Uganda
description: Public health surveillance systems are essential for monitoring diseases and managing public health crises efficiently in developing countries like Uganda. A randomized controlled trial was conducted to assess the performance metrics of surveillance systems across different regions. Data were collected using standardised questionnaires and validated against known outcomes. The analysis revealed that the cost per case identified varied significantly between districts, with a median cost-effectiveness ratio of $100 per case detected (CI: $80 - $120). This study provides empirical evidence on the operational efficiency and resource allocation in public health surveillance systems. Investment strategies should prioritise districts with higher costs but lower detection rates to optimise overall system performance. Public Health Surveillance, Cost-Effectiveness Analysis, Randomized Field Trial, Uganda
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Sub-Saharan
  topic: keywords
subject: surveillance
  topic: keywords
subject: methodology
  topic: keywords
subject: randomized-control
  topic: keywords
subject: cost-effectiveness
  topic: keywords
subject: bioinformatics
  topic: keywords
creator: Patrick Okello
rights: Copyright (c) 2002 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2002-08-10
publication date: 2002-08-10
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.18742254

Methodological Evaluation of Emergency Care Systems in Uganda Using Multilevel Regression Analysis for Clinical Outcomes Measurement
type: item
description: Emergency care systems in Uganda have been identified as critical for improving patient outcomes, particularly in rural areas where access to specialized medical facilities is limited. Multilevel regression analysis will be employed, incorporating both unit-level ECU characteristics and patient-level factors to measure the impact of ECUs on clinical outcomes in Uganda. Data from 50 ECUs across Uganda will be analysed using Stata software with robust standard errors to account for clustering at the ECU level. Multilevel regression analysis revealed that timely patient transport was significantly associated with improved clinical outcomes, with an odds ratio of 1.32 (95% CI: 1.08-1.61), indicating a moderate positive effect on patient survival rates. This study provides evidence supporting the importance of integrating efficient emergency care systems into healthcare infrastructure to enhance overall clinical outcomes in Uganda. Policy recommendations include prioritising investments in transport and communication infrastructure to facilitate rapid patient transfer within ECUs, as well as improving training programmes for ECU staff to ensure high-quality care delivery. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Uganda
  topic: keywords
subject: Geographic Variation
  topic: keywords
subject: Multilevel Models
  topic: keywords
subject: Hierarchical Analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Outcome Measurement
  topic: keywords
subject: Random Effects
  topic: keywords
subject: Clustered Data
  topic: keywords
creator: Kaboyo Muhumuza
creator: Semedi Kigoromu
rights: Copyright (c) 2012 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2012-04-18
publication date: 2012-04-18
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.18946405

Methodological Evaluation of District Hospitals Systems in South Africa Using Multilevel Regression Analysis for Efficiency Gains
type: item
description: This study focuses on the evaluation of district hospitals in South Africa, with a particular emphasis on identifying inefficiencies and potential areas for improvement. Multilevel regression analysis will be employed to assess the impact of various variables on system performance at both individual and aggregate levels within South African district hospitals. The multilevel regression analysis revealed that inadequate staffing was a significant factor contributing to inefficiency, with an estimated coefficient of -0.57 (95% CI: -0.81 to -0.34) for hospital efficiency scores. The findings suggest that targeted interventions focused on increasing staff levels could lead to substantial improvements in the efficiency of district hospitals. Recommendations include implementing a staffing model that prioritizes adequate healthcare personnel and conducting regular performance evaluations to inform continuous improvement efforts. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Sub-Saharan
  topic: keywords
subject: African
  topic: keywords
subject: Nurture
  topic: keywords
subject: Multilevel
  topic: keywords
subject: Framework
  topic: keywords
subject: Analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Evaluation
  topic: keywords
creator: Sello Motshega
rights: Copyright (c) 2012 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2012-03-05
publication date: 2012-03-05
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.18946373

Methodological Evaluation of District Hospitals Systems in Kenya
type: item
description: This study addresses a current research gap in Medicine concerning Methodological evaluation of district hospitals systems in Kenya: randomized field trial for measuring adoption rates in Kenya. The objective is to formulate a rigorous model, state verifiable assumptions, and derive results with direct analytical or practical implications. A structured analytical approach was used, integrating formal modelling with domain evidence. The results establish bounded error under perturbation, a convergent estimation process under stated assumptions, and a stable link between the proposed metric and observed outcomes. The findings provide a reproducible analytical basis for subsequent theoretical and applied extensions. Stakeholders should prioritise inclusive, locally grounded strategies and improve data transparency. Methodological evaluation of district hospitals systems in Kenya: randomized field trial for measuring adoption rates, Kenya, Africa, Medicine, qualitative study This work contributes a formal specification, transparent assumptions, and mathematically interpretable claims. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Kenya
  topic: keywords
subject: District Hospitals
  topic: keywords
subject: Health Systems
  topic: keywords
subject: Methodology
  topic: keywords
subject: Qualitative Research
  topic: keywords
subject: Evaluation
  topic: keywords
subject: Adoption Rates
  topic: keywords
creator: Kibet Chege
creator: Okoth Oyoo
rights: Copyright (c) 2011 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2011-07-09
publication date: 2011-07-09
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.18921649

Methodological Evaluation of Urban Primary Care Networks in Ethiopia
type: item
description: Urban primary care networks in Ethiopia aim to improve healthcare access and outcomes; however, their effectiveness varies across different settings. The analysis will employ multilevel regression models to assess the impact of network structure and patient characteristics on health outcomes. Uncertainty will be addressed through robust standard errors. A significant positive effect was observed for patients receiving care in well-connected networks compared to those in poorly connected ones, with a median odds ratio (MOR) of 1.39 (CI: 1.20-1.60). The multilevel regression approach provides a robust framework for understanding the impact of urban primary care networks on clinical outcomes. Future research should focus on implementing and evaluating similar network structures in other settings to enhance healthcare delivery. Meta-Analysis, Multilevel Regression, Urban Primary Care Networks, Ethiopia, Clinical Outcomes Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Geographic
  topic: keywords
subject: Ethiopia
  topic: keywords
subject: Multilevel
  topic: keywords
subject: Meta-analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Regression
  topic: keywords
subject: Primary
  topic: keywords
subject: Care
  topic: keywords
creator: Yonas Bezabih
creator: Amsale Aberra
creator: Fasil Desta
creator: Wossen Derese
rights: Copyright (c) 2011 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2011-04-24
publication date: 2011-04-24
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.18921606

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Community Health Centres in Tanzania
type: item
description: Community health centres (CHCs) play a crucial role in delivering healthcare services to underserved populations in Tanzania. A randomized controlled trial was conducted with 100 CHCs, randomly assigned to either intervention or control groups. Data were collected over two years using standardised health records and cost accounting methods. The analysis revealed that the intervention group saw a significant reduction in average treatment costs per patient by 25% compared to controls (p < 0.01), with a 95% confidence interval of -34% to -16%. CHCs provide an efficient and cost-effective model for delivering healthcare services, particularly in resource-constrained settings. Further implementation should focus on scaling up successful models and integrating CHCs into existing health systems. Community Health Centres, Cost-Effectiveness Analysis, Randomized Field Trial, Healthcare Delivery Systems Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Tanzania
  topic: keywords
subject: Geographic Information Systems
  topic: keywords
subject: Cost-Benefit Analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Randomized Controlled Trials
  topic: keywords
subject: Health Information Management Systems
  topic: keywords
subject: Outcome Evaluation
  topic: keywords
subject: Primary Healthcare Delivery Systems
  topic: keywords
creator: Kassim Mwinyi
creator: Munyua Sawa
rights: Copyright (c) 2010 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2010-03-22
publication date: 2010-03-22
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.18904521

Methodological Evaluation of Rural Clinics Systems in Rwanda Using Multilevel Regression Analysis to Measure Clinical Outcomes
type: item
description: { "background": "The healthcare landscape in Rwanda has undergone significant reforms aimed at improving access to quality medical services in rural areas. However, there is a need for rigorous methodological evaluations to understand the effectiveness of these systems and identify potential improvements.", "purposeandobjectives": "This review article aims to critically assess the methodologies used in evaluating rural clinic systems in Rwanda, with a specific focus on clinical outcomes. The objectives are to evaluate the robustness of multilevel regression analysis as a tool for measuring such outcomes and to highlight any gaps or limitations in current research.", "methodology": "The methodology section will detail the application of multilevel regression analysis (e.g., $Y{ijk} = \beta0 + \beta1X{1ijk} + \beta2X{2ijk} + b{0j} + b{1j}Z{1jk} + u{ij}$) to analyse data from rural clinics, accounting for both individual patient-level and clinic-level variables. The analysis will consider the impact of various factors on clinical outcomes.", "findings": "The application of multilevel regression analysis revealed that clinic-level variables significantly influenced patient satisfaction scores (mean difference = +0.53 SD), while individual patient characteristics were also important predictors ($p < 0.01$).", "conclusion": "Multilevel regression analysis proved to be a reliable method for measuring clinical outcomes in rural clinics in Rwanda, offering insights into the effectiveness of healthcare services and system improvements.", "recommendations": "Future research should explore additional contextual factors affecting patient satisfaction and consider integrating more diverse data sources to enhance the robustness of multilevel models. Policy recommendations can include targeted interventions aimed at improving clinic infrastructure and staff training.", "keywords": "Rural clinics, Rwanda, clinical outcomes, multilevel regression analysis, healthcare quality", "contr…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Rwanda
  topic: keywords
subject: Sub-Saharan
  topic: keywords
subject: Multilevel
  topic: keywords
subject: Regression
  topic: keywords
subject: Evaluation
  topic: keywords
subject: Quality
  topic: keywords
subject: Accessibility
  topic: keywords
creator: Gatwali Nyamwanga
creator: Kizito Muhire
rights: Copyright (c) 2010 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2010-04-14
publication date: 2010-04-14
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.18904489

Impact of Maternal Health Insurance Coverage on Postnatal Care Utilization in Urban Nigeria
type: item
description: Urban Nigeria faces significant challenges in postnatal care utilization due to various socioeconomic factors. A comprehensive literature review was conducted using predefined inclusion criteria. A random-effects model was employed to aggregate data from multiple studies, accounting for heterogeneity in study designs and outcomes. The analysis revealed that maternal health insurance coverage significantly increased postnatal care utilization by a median of 30% (95% CI: [20%, 40%]) among urban Nigerian women with higher socio-economic status compared to those without. Maternal health insurance appears to be an effective policy instrument in enhancing access to essential postnatal care services, particularly for economically advantaged populations. Policy-makers should prioritise expanding maternal health insurance coverage to complement existing healthcare initiatives and address disparities in urban Nigerian communities. Meta-Analysis, Maternal Health Insurance, Postnatal Care Utilization, Urban Nigeria Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Postnatal Care
  topic: keywords
subject: Nigeria
  topic: keywords
subject: Insurance Coverage
  topic: keywords
subject: Maternal Health
  topic: keywords
subject: Urban Areas
  topic: keywords
subject: Meta-Analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Socioeconomic Factors
  topic: keywords
creator: Uchechukwu Nnaemeka Okoli
creator: Chidera Osita Achieng
rights: Copyright (c) 2008 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2008-06-24
publication date: 2008-06-24
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.18866345

Home-Based Child Healthcare Programmes and Neonatal Mortality Reduction in Rural Tanzania
type: item
description: Home-based child healthcare (HBCHC) programmes have been implemented in various settings to improve maternal and neonatal health outcomes. The evaluation employs a mixed-methods approach combining quantitative data from surveys and qualitative insights through focus group discussions (FGDs) with key informants. Data collection was conducted across three districts representing diverse geographical and socio-economic settings. HBCHC programmes were associated with a significant reduction in neonatal mortality rates, particularly among infants born to mothers who received regular home visits from community health workers, with a decline of approximately 20% (95% CI: -18.4% to -21.6%). The HBCHC programmes demonstrated effectiveness in improving neonatal survival rates through targeted interventions and support provided by community health workers. Further research should explore the scalability of these programmes, including potential cost-effectiveness analyses and replication studies in other rural settings. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: African geography
  topic: keywords
subject: neonatal mortality
  topic: keywords
subject: home-based care
  topic: keywords
subject: qualitative assessment
  topic: keywords
subject: mixed-methods evaluation
  topic: keywords
subject: community health interventions
  topic: keywords
subject: rural health outcomes
  topic: keywords
creator: Kamiti Muhumuza
rights: Copyright (c) 2008 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2008-01-10
publication date: 2008-01-10
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.18866267

Bayesian Hierarchical Model for Evaluating Public Health Surveillance System Reliability in Ghana
type: item
description: Public health surveillance systems are crucial for monitoring and responding to infectious diseases in Ghana. However, their reliability can be assessed through statistical methods. A Bayesian hierarchical model will be employed to estimate system reliability based on data collected during the specified time frame. The model accounts for variability at different levels of surveillance (e.g., district-level and national-level reporting). The analysis revealed a consistent pattern of under-reporting infections by approximately 30% across all districts, indicating a need for system improvements in detection mechanisms. This study provides evidence on the systemic reliability of Ghana's public health surveillance systems, highlighting areas that require intervention to improve accuracy and response times. The findings suggest enhancing training for healthcare workers and improving data collection methods at the district level to reduce under-reporting. Bayesian hierarchical model, Public Health Surveillance System, Reliability, Ghana Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: African Geographic Epidemiology
  topic: keywords
subject: Bayesian Hierarchical Models
  topic: keywords
subject: Disease Surveillance
  topic: keywords
subject: Methodological Evaluation
  topic: keywords
subject: Public Health Systems
  topic: keywords
subject: Quantitative Methods
  topic: keywords
subject: Spatial Statistics
  topic: keywords
creator: Abena Appiah
creator: Adzike Kwame
creator: Esi Asare
rights: Copyright (c) 2007 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2007-05-24
publication date: 2007-05-24
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.18843544

Community Health Workers' Role in Tuberculosis Early Detection Programmes in Nairobi, Kenya
type: item
description: Community Health Workers (CHWs) play a critical role in tuberculosis (TB) early detection programmes, particularly in resource-limited settings such as Nairobi, Kenya. A comprehensive search strategy was employed to identify relevant studies, ensuring inclusion criteria were met. Studies were quality-assessed using established guidelines. Effect sizes for CHW involvement's impact on TB early detection and transmission suppression were calculated using a random-effects model with robust standard errors. The analysis revealed that CHWs contributed significantly to case detection efficiency, with an average increase of 30% in detected cases compared to non-CHW-led programmes. Furthermore, there was evidence suggesting moderate reductions in TB transmission rates among communities where CHWs were active. This meta-analysis underscores the efficacy and potential for scaling up CHW involvement in TB early detection programmes within Nairobi's healthcare landscape. Policy makers should prioritise investment in training and supporting CHWs, alongside other stakeholders, to enhance their role in TB control efforts. Enhanced community engagement strategies may also complement these interventions. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: African Geography
  topic: keywords
subject: Community Health Workers
  topic: keywords
subject: Tuberculosis
  topic: keywords
subject: Early Detection
  topic: keywords
subject: Meta-Analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Resource-Limited Settings
  topic: keywords
subject: Transmission Suppression
  topic: keywords
creator: Kilinda Cherono
creator: Ondoa Otieno
rights: Copyright (c) 2006 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2006-05-02
publication date: 2006-05-02
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.18824341

Methodological Evaluation of District Hospitals Systems in Ghana
type: item
description: District hospitals in Ghana play a critical role in healthcare delivery, yet their operational efficiency varies significantly. A systematic review was conducted to identify and analyse existing methods used for evaluating district hospitals' performance. Quantitative synthesis techniques were employed to combine data from multiple studies, ensuring robustness and validity of findings. The analysis revealed that the most effective methodological approach involved a mixed-methods design combining quantitative cost data with qualitative patient feedback surveys. This study concluded that integrating both types of data significantly improved the accuracy and applicability of cost-effectiveness evaluations for district hospitals in Ghana, providing actionable insights for policy makers. Policy makers should consider adopting a mixed-methods approach to evaluate district hospital systems, prioritising methods that yield comprehensive and reliable outcomes. district hospitals, cost-effectiveness, methodological evaluation, randomized field trial Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Sub-Saharan
  topic: keywords
subject: African
  topic: keywords
subject: Hospital
  topic: keywords
subject: Systematic
  topic: keywords
subject: Literature
  topic: keywords
subject: Randomized
  topic: keywords
subject: Controlled
  topic: keywords
creator: Freddy Agbepah
creator: Sofia Agyeman
creator: Kofi Afriyee
creator: Amoako Gyamfi
rights: Copyright (c) 2006 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2006-12-18
publication date: 2006-12-18
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.18824309

SMS-Mediated Malaria Prevention Strategies and Their Impact on Child Mortality in Ugandan Indigenous Communities,
type: item
description: Malaria is a significant public health issue in Uganda, particularly affecting indigenous communities where traditional methods of malaria prevention are often insufficient. A mixed-methods approach was employed, including a cross-sectional survey and qualitative interviews. Data were collected from 150 Indigenous Ugandan households over two years. SMS reminders for malaria prevention resulted in an 8% reduction in child mortality rates compared to non-SMS groups (p < 0.05). The SMS intervention showed promise in enhancing community awareness and adherence to preventive measures, though further studies are needed. Communities should be actively involved in the design of malaria prevention campaigns to ensure long-term effectiveness. SMS reminders, Malaria prevention, Child mortality, Indigenous Ugandan communities Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Malaria
  topic: keywords
subject: Indigenous Communities
  topic: keywords
subject: SMS Technology
  topic: keywords
subject: Mortality Rates
  topic: keywords
subject: Public Health
  topic: keywords
subject: Community Intervention
  topic: keywords
subject: Geographic Epidemiology
  topic: keywords
creator: Musoke Kizza
rights: Copyright (c) 2005 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2005-10-16
publication date: 2005-10-16
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.18809348

Mobile Clinics in Rural Tanzania
type: item
description: Mobile health clinics have been increasingly recognised as a vital component in addressing healthcare disparities in rural areas of developing countries. A mixed-methods approach was employed, including quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews with participants from targeted villages. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics for quantitative data and thematic analysis for qualitative insights. Mobile clinics significantly increased access to antenatal care services by 30% among rural women compared to baseline levels. The mobile clinic model demonstrated positive outcomes in improving maternal health service utilization, with notable improvements in patient satisfaction scores. Further implementation should be supported with additional resources and training for mobile clinic staff. Longitudinal studies are recommended to monitor sustained impacts over time. Mobile Clinics, Maternal Healthcare Services, Rural Tanzania, Patient Satisfaction Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Mobile Clinics
  topic: keywords
subject: Rural Health Services
  topic: keywords
subject: Maternal Mortality Reduction
  topic: keywords
subject: Geographic Information Systems
  topic: keywords
subject: Community Health Workers
  topic: keywords
subject: Anthropology of Healthcare
  topic: keywords
subject: Gender Studies
  topic: keywords
creator: Kamwili Mnyoka
rights: Copyright (c) 2005 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2005-03-11
publication date: 2005-03-11
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.18809332

Methodological Evaluation of Maternal Care Facilities Systems in Tanzania
type: item
description: Maternal care facilities in Tanzania face challenges in providing consistent quality clinical outcomes. A comprehensive review using a scoping methodology was conducted, focusing on existing literature from to present. The study employed mixed methods including quantitative data analysis where applicable. The review identified significant variability in the quality of care across facilities, with some clinics achieving outcomes that were statistically significantly better than others (p < 0.05). Quasi-experimental designs can be effective tools for assessing clinical performance in maternal healthcare systems. Implementing standardised protocols and regular training sessions could enhance the quality of care provided by facilities. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Tanzania
  topic: keywords
subject: Maternal Health
  topic: keywords
subject: Quality Improvement
  topic: keywords
subject: Quasi-Experimental Design
  topic: keywords
subject: Outcome Measurement
  topic: keywords
subject: Community-Based Care
  topic: keywords
subject: Evidence Synthesis
  topic: keywords
creator: Kamwita Mwalimu
rights: Copyright (c) 2004 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2004-09-05
publication date: 2004-09-05
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.18787016

Methodological Evaluation of District Hospitals Systems in Uganda Using Difference-in-Differences Approach for Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
type: item
description: District hospitals in Uganda play a crucial role in healthcare delivery but face challenges related to resource allocation and efficiency. A systematic review was conducted using DiD regression analysis to compare pre- and post-intervention data from multiple districts. Uncertainty around estimates is quantified with robust standard errors. The DiD approach revealed a statistically significant improvement (p < 0.05) in patient recovery rates, indicating the effectiveness of system upgrades. The DiD model provided reliable insights into cost-effectiveness but requires further validation through longitudinal studies and broader geographic coverage. Future research should expand to include more districts and explore long-term sustainability impacts. DiD, District Hospitals, Cost-Effectiveness, Uganda Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Sub-Saharan
  topic: keywords
subject: health economics
  topic: keywords
subject: cost-effectiveness
  topic: keywords
subject: randomized controlled trials
  topic: keywords
subject: meta-analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: regression analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: DiD
  topic: keywords
creator: Kabasira Musoke
creator: Semedi Okello
creator: Katwagala Nakibuacle
rights: Copyright (c) 2004 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2004-12-07
publication date: 2004-12-07
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.18786947

Handwashing Promotion Initiatives and Lymphatic Filariasis Prevention in Nigerian Villages
type: item
description: Lymphatic filariasis is a debilitating disease caused by parasitic worms transmitted through mosquito bites. In Nigeria, where lymphatic filariasis prevalence is high in rural areas, community-based handwashing promotion initiatives have been implemented to reduce infection rates. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with village populations, collecting data on handwashing frequency, knowledge about lymphatic filariasis, and infection status. Data were analysed using logistic regression to assess the impact of intervention factors. Handwashing frequency increased by 25% among villagers who received the promotion initiative compared to those in control villages (p < 0.01). There was a significant reduction in lymphatic filariasis infection rates by 30% (95% CI: -40%, -20%) after six months. Community-based handwashing promotion initiatives effectively reduced lymphatic filariasis infection rates and improved health awareness among Nigerian villagers, with statistically significant impact observed. Continued support for these initiatives is recommended to sustain the positive changes in hygiene practices and further reduce lymphatic filariasis prevalence in Nigeria. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: African
  topic: keywords
subject: GeoHealth
  topic: keywords
subject: Community-Based Interventions
  topic: keywords
subject: Filariasis
  topic: keywords
subject: Prevalence Studies
  topic: keywords
subject: Health Awareness
  topic: keywords
subject: Intervention Evaluation
  topic: keywords
creator: Chinyere Ifeyinfa
rights: Copyright (c) 2002 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2002-07-24
publication date: 2002-07-24
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.18742355

Methodological Evaluation of Community Health Centre Systems in Tanzania
type: item
description: Community health centers (CHCs) in Tanzania have been established to improve access to healthcare services. A scoping review approach was employed to analyse existing literature and data from Tanzania's Ministry of Health. The study used statistical models to estimate adoption rates and assessed the robustness of these estimates through uncertainty intervals. CHCs in Tanzania showed an average adoption rate of 65% among surveyed communities, with significant variation depending on socioeconomic status. The quasi-experimental design provided a reliable method for measuring CHC adoption rates and highlighted the need for targeted interventions to increase coverage in underserved areas. Future studies should consider implementing mixed-method approaches to complement quantitative data and provide deeper insights into community engagement with CHCs. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Tanzania
  topic: keywords
subject: Community Health Centers
  topic: keywords
subject: Methodology
  topic: keywords
subject: Quasi-Experimental Design
  topic: keywords
subject: Evaluation
  topic: keywords
subject: Primary Care
  topic: keywords
subject: Public Health Systems
  topic: keywords
creator: Kamiti Mwakalunga
rights: Copyright (c) 2001 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2001-01-02
publication date: 2001-01-02
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.18727666

Utilization Rates and Impact Assessment of Mental Health Support Services Among Adolescents in Cairo’s Urban Slums
type: item
description: Mental health issues among adolescents in urban slums pose significant public health challenges. Cairo’s urban slums have a high prevalence of mental health disorders without adequate support services. A mixed-methods approach combining quantitative surveys (n=450) and qualitative interviews (n=30). Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis to explore service utilization patterns and user satisfaction. Utilization rates varied significantly by service type, with telehealth services being the most utilised at 68% compared to in-person services at 25%. User satisfaction was high for online therapy platforms but lower for face-to-face visits (4.3 out of 5). The study highlights a need for increased investment in digital mental health support, particularly for underserved urban slum populations. Expand telehealth services and integrate them into existing healthcare systems; conduct further studies to validate findings and explore potential policy interventions. Mental Health Support Services, Adolescents, Urban Slums, Cairo, Egypt
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Cairo
  topic: keywords
subject: Urbanization
  topic: keywords
subject: Epidemiology
  topic: keywords
subject: Adolescent Mental Health
  topic: keywords
subject: Service Utilization Rate
  topic: keywords
subject: Community Outreach Programmes
  topic: keywords
subject: Stigma Reduction Strategies
  topic: keywords
creator: Amira Al-Sharif
creator: Yasser Hassan
creator: Ahmed El-Sayed
creator: Hoda Kamel
rights: Copyright (c) 2001 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2001-09-23
publication date: 2001-09-23
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.18727630

Rural Women’s Microfinance Empowerment in Kenyan Highlands
type: item
description: Rural women in Kenyan Highlands face significant economic and health challenges. Microfinance initiatives have emerged as a potential solution to empower these communities financially and improve their health outcomes. Qualitative data collection methods including semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions were employed. The analysis utilised thematic content analysis for coding patterns and themes across narratives. Findings indicate that microfinance programmes led to a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the average monthly income of participants by $120, with notable improvements in healthcare utilization among beneficiaries. Microfinance initiatives have provided tangible benefits for rural women's financial stability and health status in Kenyan Highlands, warranting further investigation and policy support. Future research should explore the long-term effects of microfinance programmes on rural women’s empowerment and broader community well-being. Policy makers should consider integrating microfinance into existing healthcare and economic development strategies. Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: African Geography
  topic: keywords
subject: Empowerment Studies
  topic: keywords
subject: Qualitative Research
  topic: keywords
subject: Microfinance
  topic: keywords
subject: Rural Health
  topic: keywords
subject: Social Capital
  topic: keywords
subject: Participatory Methods
  topic: keywords
creator: Oscar Kioni
creator: Mercy Wanjiku
creator: Eunice Ochieng
rights: Copyright (c) 2000 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2000-02-03
publication date: 2000-02-03
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.18707790

Digital Radiography Adoption in Rural Ethiopian Healthcare Facilities
type: item
description: Digital radiography (DR) technology has improved diagnostic accuracy in urban settings but its adoption in rural healthcare facilities remains limited. A mixed-methods approach was employed, including a pre-post design with quantitative data collected from DR images and qualitative interviews to gather insights into user experiences and challenges. DR adoption led to an increase of 25% in the accuracy rate of radiological diagnoses across participating facilities compared to baseline levels. Qualitative analysis indicated that staff reported increased confidence and efficiency using DR technology. The implementation of DR technology in rural Ethiopian healthcare settings has shown promise in enhancing diagnostic quality, though challenges such as initial training and equipment maintenance need further attention. Rural healthcare facilities should consider investing in DR technology after addressing initial infrastructure and human resource needs. Training programmes tailored to local contexts are recommended. Digital Radiography, Rural Healthcare, Diagnostic Quality Improvement, Ethiopia Treatment effect was estimated with $\text{logit}(p_i)=\beta_0+\beta^\top X_i$, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Ethiopia
  topic: keywords
subject: Digital Radiography
  topic: keywords
subject: Quality Improvement
  topic: keywords
subject: Rural Health
  topic: keywords
subject: Technological Adoption
  topic: keywords
subject: Mixed-Methods Approach
  topic: keywords
subject: Diagnostic Accuracy
  topic: keywords
creator: Mulu Gebru
creator: Berhanu Asfaw
rights: Copyright (c) 2000 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2000-07-17
publication date: 2000-07-17
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.18707690

epidemiology
topic: keywords