The Nile River Basin is a critical water resource for South Africa, facing increasing challenges due to population growth and climate change. A mixed-method approach combining hydrological modelling and stakeholder interviews to evaluate current water use practices. Hydrological models indicate a decrease of approximately 10% in annual runoff by , with significant variability across sub-basins. Sustainable management strategies should prioritise rainwater harvesting and improved irrigation efficiency to mitigate future scarcity risks. Implement policies promoting water conservation and support research into climate-resilient agricultural practices. Nile River Basin, Water Scarcity, Sustainable Management, Hydrological Modelling The empirical specification follows $Y=\beta_0+\beta^\top X+\varepsilon$, and inference is reported with uncertainty-aware statistical criteria.