Rwanda's land reform policies have been a focal point of socio-economic transformation in East Africa, aiming to address historical injustices and promote equitable access to resources. A mixed-methods approach combining qualitative interviews with quantitative data analysis to assess changes in land ownership patterns, agricultural productivity, and income distribution. The reforms have led to a significant reallocation of land from former elites to smallholder farmers, enhancing their productive capacity by over 15% in the targeted regions. Rwanda’s land reform has contributed to reducing poverty among smallholders but faces challenges related to tenure security and resource efficiency. Recommendations focus on strengthening legal frameworks and promoting inclusive agribusiness development. Develop comprehensive land management policies, ensure equitable distribution of resources, and foster collaborative partnerships between government and local communities.