Theoretical Foundations of Agroforestry Practices on Soil Fertility and Economic Outcomes in Northern Nigerian Forested Regions

Agroforestry practices integrate trees into agricultural landscapes to enhance soil fertility and biodiversity in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in forested regions of northern Nigeria where traditional farming methods have led to degradation. A mixed-methods approach combining literature review, stakeholder interviews, and case studies will be employed to develop the theoretical model. Theoretical models reveal synergies between tree diversity and crop yields, suggesting that agroforestry can be a sustainable solution for improving both environmental quality and economic stability in northern Nigerian forested regions. Policy makers should support the development of agroforestry extension programmes to promote soil conservation and increase farmer incomes, with initial funding directed towards tree planting initiatives.