Coffee plantations in Eastern Uganda have adopted organic fertilizers as a sustainable alternative to chemical fertilizers due to environmental concerns and increasing costs of synthetic inputs. The study employs a qualitative approach to analyse farmer interviews, community surveys, and existing literature to construct a comprehensive theoretical model. The theoretical framework highlights the interplay between environmental sustainability, economic viability, and social acceptance in organic fertilizer adoption among coffee farmers. Policy makers should consider subsidizing organic fertilizers to promote wider adoption and improve soil health while reducing dependency on chemical inputs.