Oil Extraction's Nexus: Impacts on Marine and Coastal Environments in Angola,

Oil extraction activities in Angola have increased over the past decade, leading to concerns about environmental impacts on marine and coastal ecosystems. A combination of remote sensing data, water quality monitoring, and expert consultations were used to evaluate environmental changes in impacted areas. Oil extraction led to significant increases in oil-related pollution (up to 30% higher) in coastal waters compared to pre-extraction levels, affecting both marine biodiversity and human health. The study highlights the complex interplay between oil operations and environmental degradation, necessitating stricter regulations for sustainable practices. Enhanced monitoring programmes and improved waste management systems are recommended to mitigate ongoing pollution impacts. oil extraction, marine environment, Angola, ecosystem health The empirical specification follows $Y=\beta_0+\beta^\top X+\varepsilon$, and inference is reported with uncertainty-aware statistical criteria.